The preceding table shows that slightly more than one-half of the households whose heads were foreign-born, and exactly three-fifths of the households whose heads were native-born, are paying a rent per month per room less than $2. All the foreign-born heads of households are paying a monthly room rent under $3, and only a very small proportion of the native-born heads of households are paying more than $3 per month per room. None of the households whose heads were foreign-born or native-born have a monthly rent per room less than $1, and the Magyar households exhibit a much greater proportion than the Poles paying under $2.

The tendency toward congestion in the households of the community because of the effort to reduce the per capita outlay for rent is set forth in the following table, which shows by general nativity and race of head of household the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per person:

TABLE 174.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The table above, which shows the range of rents per month per person in the different classes of households, exhibits a marked contrast in standard of living between the native-born and foreign-born. Only 3.3 per cent of the households whose heads were native-born have a monthly rent per person under $1, as contrasted with 29.1 per cent of the households whose heads were foreign-born. At the other extreme, it is seen that all of the households whose heads were foreignborn, and only 80 per cent of the native-born, pay under $4 per month per person. The great majority, amounting to almost three-fourths, of the households whose heads were foreign-born are paying under $2 per month per person, and, on the other hand, the majority of native-born households, slightly more than three-fifths, are paying less than $3. As between the Magyar and Polish households, a much larger proportion of the former are shown in the lower classification of rent per month per person, exhibiting greater congestion and a lower order of living arrangements.

48296-VOL 14-11-15

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of the wives of the glass workers in taking boarders or lodgers in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands has already been discussed. The extent of the practice and its effect upon living conditions is set forth in the two tables next presented. The first table, which follows below, shows by general nativity and race of head of household the number and percentage of households studied who kept boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 175.-Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders and lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

The significant feature of the above table is that only 3.6 per cent of the households whose heads were native-born of native father, as contrasted with 57.3 per cent of those whose heads were foreign-born, are shown to have boarders or lodgers. Among the households whose heads were foreign-born, 92.6 per cent of the Magyars and 58.5 per cent of the Poles, as contrasted with only 23.3 per cent of the German, keep boarders or lodgers.

The table following shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household. The averages are based (1) on the total number of households and (2) on the number keeping boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 176.-Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time schedule was taken and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

Based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, the showing of the native-born in the above table is too small for computation, while the households whose heads were foreign-born exhibit an average of 413 boarders or lodgers for each 100 households. The households whose heads were foreign-born Magyars have an average of 604 boarders or lodgers for each 100 households, based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, and an average of 559 boarders or lodgers for each 100 households, based on the total number of households; while the Polish households have an average of only 164 boarders or lodgers for each 100 households, based on the total number of households, and an average of 281 boarders or lodgers for each 100 households, based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers. The German households whose heads were foreign-born show only 73 boarders or lodgers for each 100 households, based on the total number of households.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

As regards the range in the size of apartments occupied by the households of the glass workers, the table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the per cent of households which had apartments of each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 177.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The preceding table shows the greatest proportion of households occupying apartments of 4 and 5 rooms. Those having apartments of 6 or 7 rooms show a considerably lower per cent, while the per cent of households occupying apartments of 2 and 3 rooms is small. Foreign-born persons show a much greater proportion of households occupying apartments of a small number of rooms than native-born whites of native father, the former having 10 per cent of households occupying apartments of 2 rooms, as contrasted with 1.8 per cent of the latter occupying apartments of the same number of rooms. Foreign-born employees continue to show a much higher percentage of households occupying apartments of 3 and 4 rooms than nativeborn of native father. Foreign-born also show a slightly higher per cent of households occupying apartments of 5 rooms than native-born of native father, while the latter show a very much higher per cent of households occupying apartments of 6 and 7 or more rooms than foreign-born.

Of the foreign-born races, Germans show no households occupying apartments of less than 4 rooms, while the proportion occupying apartments of 6 and 7 or more rooms is very large when contrasted with the other immigrant races shown in the table, the per cent of German households occupying apartments of 7 or more rooms is also much higher than that of native-born of native father. Magyars show the greatest proportion of households occupying apartments of 4 and 5 rooms, and no households occupying apartments of only 2 rooms or 7 or more rooms. Poles show a high percentage of households occupying small apartments, this being the only foreign-born race given in the table having apartments of only 2 rooms, while the proportion having apartments of 3 rooms is very large when contrasted with that of Magyars, which is the only other immigrant race having apartments of as few as 3 rooms.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The range in the size of the households studied in the community is set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households of each specified number of persons:

TABLE 178.-Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The foregoing table shows that the majority of households whose heads were native-born consist of from 3 to 5 persons, 30 per cent of these households having 3 persons and 22.9 per cent 5 persons. On the other hand, the majority of households whose heads were foreignborn contain from 4 to 8 persons, 18.2 per cent being of 4 persons, 11.8 per cent of 5 persons, and 10 per cent of 8 persons. Only a very small proportion of native-born households have more than 7 persons, while the foreign-born, in decided contrast, show 38.2 per cent of their households with more than 7 persons each, and 21.8 per cent containing 10 or more persons. Of the several races, the Magyars exhibit by far the largest sized houesholds, 77.8 per cent having 8 or more persons, and 63 per cent 10 or more. The Germans, although not approaching the Magyars in the size of households shown, have onethird with 8 or more persons, and 13.3 per cent with 10 or more. Poles, while in general showing households of larger size, more nearly approach the showing made by the households whose heads were native-born of native father.

The

CONGESTION.

The degree of congestion which prevailed in the households of the glass workers of the community has been indicated by the preceding tables and discussion. In the following series of tables congestion and its effect upon living conditions are set forth more directly and in greater detail.