The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the range in yearly earnings of male heads of families:

TABLE 160.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of

individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 243.]

In the foregoing table it is seen that male heads of families who were foreign-born, as compared with the native-born, show smaller proportions, which are especially marked in the lower classification of earnings. Of the foreign-born heads of families, 49.5 per cent earn less than $600 each year, as contrasted with only 22.4 per cent of the native-born. At the other extreme, it will be noted that 17.2 per cent of the native-born and only 3.2 per cent of the foreign-born heads of families earn more than $1,000 annually. Among the foreign-born, the Magyar heads of families show the lowest range of earnings. All of the heads of families of this race, as compared with 73.1 per cent of the Germans and 88.9 per cent of the Poles, earn under $800 annually, and 91.7 per cent of the Magyars, as contrasted with only 33.3 per cent of the Poles and 38.5 per cent of the Germans, earn under $600 each year. The differences are even more strikingly unfavorable to the Magyars in the proportions shown earning under $400 yearly. In this classification none of the Germans and only 4.4 per cent of the Poles appear, as against 29.2 per cent of the Magyars.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the table following the average amount and range in amount of the yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied are shown, by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 161.-Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Upon referring to the totals in the preceding table, it is seen that the native-born males in the households studied exhibit slightly higher average earnings than those native-born of foreign father, and a considerably higher average than those of foreign birth. It will be noted, however, that the Germans, native-born of foreign father, have somewhat higher average earnings than the males native-born of native father. Among the foreign-born, the Magyars exhibit average annual earnings very much below those of the other races, the average earnings for this race being only $458, as compared with $630 for the Poles and $670 for the Germans. As regards the range of earnings, it is seen that the greater number, or 52 per cent, of the foreign-born earn under $600, as contrasted with only 31.7 per cent of the total native-born, and 34.4 per cent of the white persons native-born of native father. At the other extreme, it will also be noted that only 2.4 per cent of the total foreign-born, as against per cent of the total native-born, earn more than $1,000.

13.4

AMOUNT OF FAMILY INCOME.

In the series of tabulations next submitted the amount of family income of the households in the community the heads of which were glass workers is examined together with the different sources and the relative importance of the various sources from which the family income is derived. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount.

TABLE 162.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is included which reports income as "None."]

Upon referring to the totals in the table above, it is seen that the majority of families whose heads were foreign-born have an annual income under $750, while those whose heads were of native birth show the greater number receiving an annual income under $1,000. Almost all of the foreign-born families, or 99 per cent, have an income under $1,500, as compared with 94.9 per cent of the native-born. The families whose heads were foreign-born also show larger proportions in the lower classifications of income than those whose heads were native-born. Of the several races, the Magyar families exhibit the lowest range of family income, 83.3 per cent of the families of this race, as compared with 39.3 per cent of the German and 57.8 per cent of the Polish, having an income under $750 each year. Of the Magyar families, 25 per cent, as against only 7.1 per cent of the German and 15.6 per cent of the Polish families, also have a yearly income less than $500.

WIVES AT WORK.

The following table, which shows the proportion of wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family, indicates a very small tendency on the part of the wives of the households to secure employment outside the home in order to supplement the earnings of husbands. Only 4.3 per cent of the wives whose husbands were nativeborn of native father, 3.4 per cent of those whose husbands were native-born either of native or of foreign father, and none of the foreign-born, were at work at regular wages outside the home.

TABLE 163.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES IN KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

Although only a very small number of the wives of the glass workers in the community engage in regular employment, a large proportion, especially among the foreign-born, take boarders or lodgers into the home in order to add to the earnings of their husbands. This condition of affairs is exhibited by the following table, which shows, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 164-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.]

For selection of families, see p. 243.

This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "None."

TABLE 165.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see p. 243. The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.]

This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "None."
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The preceding table, as can readily be seen from the totals, shows a close relationship between the earnings of husbands and the tendency of wives to have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. Among wives whose husbands were native-born of native father, 22.2 per cent of those whose husbands are earning $400 but under $600, as contrasted with only 8.6 per cent of those whose husbands are earning $600 or more annually, are employed or have boarders or lodgers in the households. An even more significant showing is made by the wives of Magyars of foreign birth, all of whom with husbands earning under $400, and 86.7 per cent of those with husbands earning $400 and under $600 annually, and only a number too small for comparison of those with husbands receiving $600 or over, are employed or keep boarders or lodgers. On the other hand, the exception is noted in the case of Polish wives, of whom a larger proportion of husbands earning $600 or more, as compared with those whose husbands earn $400 and under $600 annually, are employed or have boarders or lodgers.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

In the table following the per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources is shown in detail according to general nativity and race of head of family. By the term past year is meant the 12 months immediately preceding the collection of the information.