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PRESENT POPULATION OF THE COMMUNITY.

The estimated population of Community A, in 1908, was, according to race, as follows:

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The proximity of this locality to a large industrial center has made unnecessary the use of such methods as labor agents, employment and other agencies. None of the immigrant labor employed was secured from the native land of the immigrant, and in nearly all cases it was found that the immigrants had been employed elsewhere before they secured employment in the glass industries.

At the time of the establishment of the glass plants in the community it was necessary to transfer a nucleus of the skilled Belgian, French, and English glassworkers from plants already established in other localities in the United States. With the necessity for skilled hand workers almost entirely eliminated by the substitution of machinery for hand methods the average immigrant is available. This class is found in the vicinity, and even in the periods of greatest demand for labor the employers state that it is never necessary to do more than send foremen as agents into this near-by market to secure what labor is needed. Another method is used by the immigrant laborers themselves, viz, sending for relatives and friends employed elsewhere. In general it may be stated that the industries are able to so adjust their wages to the labor market as to be able to have an ample supply at all times. Immigrants first employed usually come without their wives and families, this being especially true of the Slovak, Italian, and other southern European races. About 25 per cent of the Belgians, French, and Germans have their families with them when they first come.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS OF EMPLOYEES.

Occupations entered by immigrants-Daily earnings-[Text Tables 125 to 140].

OCCUPATIONS ENTERED BY IMMIGRANTS.

As has already been pointed out, the French and French Belgians, together with the Germans, were skilled glass workers abroad and were induced originally to come to the United States to furnish a skilled nucleus for the establishment of the industry in this country. With the invention of machinery the employees of these races who have remained in the industry have been retained in the skilled or administrative positions, requiring training and experience, while the recent immigrants from southern and eastern Europe have been used as common laborers, especially in the plate and window glass establishments in connection with the machine processes. The series of tables which is submitted below shows the distribution of races at the present time according to department, occupation, and sex in the various branches of the industry in the community. The first table presented, which appears below, shows, by sex, the racial distribution of the operating force in the various departments and occupations.

TABLE 125.-Racial distribution of male employees in the furnace department of the glassware and chimney manufacturing establishment, by occupation.

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There are 26 persons native-born of foreign father, by race of father, who are not included in this tabulation. Of this number 1 Irish and 2 Germans are blowers; 1 English, 3 Germans, 1 French, and 3 Slovaks

are gatherers; and 1 Scotch, 3 Germans, 1 French, 1 Pole, 1 Russian 4 Slovaks, 1 Magyar, and 3 South Italians are finishers.

TABLE 125.-Racial distribution of male employees in the furnace department of the glassware and chimney manufacturing establishment, by occupation-Continued.

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TABLE 126.-Racial distribution of female employees in the furnace department of the glassware and chimney manufacturing establishment, by occupation.

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TABLE 127.-Racial distribution of male machine employees in the furnace department of the glassware and chimney manufacturing establishment, by occupation.

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There are 22 persons native-born of foreign father, by race of father, who are not included in this tabulation. Of this number 2 Germans are feeders; 1 English, 3 Germans, 1 French, 1 Swede, 1 Slovak, and I Pole are gatherers; 1 English and 1 Slovak are cleaning off; 1 German, 2 French, 2 Slovaks, and 1 Pole are carrying in; 1 German and 2 Poles are ball boy; and 1 French is taking out.

TABLE 128.-Racial distribution of male employees in the tank department of the glassware and chimney manufacturing establishment, by occupation.

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There are 16 persons native-born of native father, by race of father, who are not included in this tabulation. Of this number 1 English, 1 Welsh, 2 Germans, and 2 Slovaks are gatherers; 1 Slovak is a blower; 2 Germans, 1 Russian, and 1 Italian are taking out; 2 Slovaks and 1 Magyar are carrying in; 1 Slovak is holding mold; and 1 English is a feeder.

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