TABLE 73-Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race-Glass bottles.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of 3,481 males employed in the manufacture of glass bottles for whom complete data were secured, 92.6 per cent read and 92 per cent read and write. Of the different nativity groups the nativeborn of foreign father shows the largest and the foreign-born the smallest proportion who read, a slightly smaller proportion of each having ability to both read and write than to read only. The lowest degree of literacy is shown by the North Italians and South Italians, which show 70.7 per cent and 54.6 per cent, respectively, of their number who read and write, as compared with over 90 per cent of each other race. Each race except the German, Roumanian, and Slovak shows a slightly larger proportion who read than who both read and write.

The table next presented shows, according to sex and general nativity and race, the percentage of employees engaged in the manufacture of tableware who could read and the percentage who could both read and write.

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TABLE 74.-Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race- -Tableware.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that of the total number of persons reporting, 97.8 per cent can read and 97.3 per cent can both read and write; in each instance the proportion of males is slightly in excess of females. In comparing the three nativity groups, persons native-born of foreign father show a slightly higher percentage who can read and who can read and write than native whites born of native father, while foreignborn report somewhat smaller proportions in each case. Persons native-born of native father show a slightly higher per cent of females who can read and who can both read and write than of males. Native-born of foreign father and foreign-born show a greater degree of literacy among males than among females. Among the persons native-born of foreign father, the English and Irish report that all of their number can both read and write, while Germany reports a slightly higher percentage of literates than Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungarians report a greater proportion of males who can read and write than of females, while Germans report an exact reversal of this order, there being a greater degree of literacy among females than among males. Of the foreign-born races Germans show the highest percentage who can read and who can both read and write, and Poles and Slovaks the greatest proportion of illiterates. Every foreign-born race shows a considerably higher per cent of males who can read and who can both read and write than of females. This is particularly noticeable of the Polish, 96.8 per cent of the males and 63.2 per cent of the females being able to read. Poles also show a much higher percentage of the males who can read than of those who can both read and write.

The following table shows, by sex, general nativity, and race of individual, the percentage of persons in the households studied, the heads of which were employed in all forms of glass manufacturing,

10 years of age or over, who could read, and the percentage who could read and write:

TABLE 75.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that 88.5 per cent of 1,702 persons connected with the glass industry can both read and write, leaving only 11.5 per cent of illiterate persons. The proportions of males who can read and who can both read and write are slightly larger than those of females. Among the races the Germans have considerably above the average degree of literacy, and the Italians, both North and South, considerably below it.

The advancement in literacy of persons of foreign birth after designated periods of residence in this country may be seen in the table next submitted, which shows for all households studied, by years in the United States and race of individual, the per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who could read and the per cent who could both read and write:

TABLE 76-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.

This table includes

only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Between 80 and 90 per cent of those who have been in the United States each specified number of years in the preceding table can both read and write. Of those of each race who have been in the United States under five years the proportion who read ranges from 95.3 per cent of the Magyars to 45 per cent of the South Italians; the proportion of each with a period of residence of from five to nine years who read ranges from 100 per cent of the Germans to 66.7 per cent of the North Italians and South Italians, each, and the proportion of each with a period of residence of ten years or over who read ranges from 99.4 per cent of the Germans to 74.7 per cent of the Slovaks. A certain small proportion of the North Italians and Magyars in the "under 5 period," and of the Poles and Slovaks in each period read but do not write.

In the following table a comparison is made of the literacy of persons of foreign birth according to age when they arrived in this country. The table shows for all households studied, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, who could read and the percentage who could both read and write.

TABLE 77.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.)

A total of 1,230 persons reported complete information in the foregoing table. Of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to this country 95.4 per cent read and write, and of those who were 14 or over at time of coming, 84.7 per cent read and 82.5 per cent read and write. Of those who were under 14 years old at time of coming to this country, the Germans, Magyars, and Poles each report 100 per cent who can both read and write. The Flemish, of whom 92.7 per cent can read and write, show the next largest proportion, followed by the Slovaks, of whom 89.7 per cent read and write. The North Italians, of whom 87.5 per cent read and write, show the smallest proportion. Among the persons reporting who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to this country, the

Germans show the largest proportion of persons who can read and write, the per cent being 98.6; they are closely followed by the Flemish, of whom 93.3 per cent read and write. All of the other races, except the South Italians, report a greater proportion who can read than can both read and write. The South Italians show the smallest proportions. Of that race 55.6 per cent can read and write.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The conjugal condition of the glass workers for whom information was secured may be seen in the series of tables next presented, which have been prepared according to the different branches of the industrv. The first table, which follows below, shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees of plate-glass factories 20 years of age or over who were in each conjugal condition.

TABLE 78.-Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race- -Plate glass.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The greater proportion of the total number of male employees are married; 28.3 per cent are single and 2.4 per cent widowed. Persons native-born of native father, both white and negro, report slightly larger proportions married than do the foreign-born. The smallest proportion of married male employees is of the group native-born of foreign father. Every specified race of foreign-born reports the greater proportion married, ranging from 57.4 per cent of the Bulgarians to 75.3 per cent of the Russians.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees in window-glass establishments, 20 years of age or over, who were in each conjugal condition.