the Democrats, indicating a situation there are as encouraging to the Reamong the voters such as was shown publicans as they contemplate the in the decisive results in the elections future of their party, as those in of 1912. The balloting may be fairly Massachusetts were to the Progresinterpreted as an endorsement of the sives. James M. Fielder (Democrat) Wilson administration and an indica- was elected over ex-Governor Edward tion that the opposition is about as C. Stokes (Republican) by a plurality evenly divided as in the preceding of 22,000, while the vote of the Proyear. Democratic Governors were gressive candidate, Everett Colby, deelected in the three states where this clined to about 45,000, as against 145,office was filled, Massachusetts, New 000 cast for Mr. Roosevelt the year Jersey and Virginia. Two Demo- before. This reverses the position of cratic Congressmen were elected in last year, the Republicans coming into New York City; George W. Loft to second place. The Progressives acsucceed the late Timothy D. Sullivan count for the decline of their vote by and Jacob H. Cantor to succeed Fran- the claim that many New Jersey Procis Burton Harrison, who had accepted gressives wished to sustain the Wilson appointment as Governor-General of administration, and to make sure of the Philippines. In the Third Massa- preventing the return of the Republichusetts District the Democrats added cans to power in New Jersey they 1,090 votes to their strength of 1912, voted directly for the Democratic the Progressives held their own, being candidate, Mr. Fielder. but two short, while a Republican plurality of 3,203 in 1912 was reduced to a plurality of only 155 in 1913. Democrats were elected also in the Third Maryland and Second Georgia Districts. These "by-election" results may be interpreted as indicating that the Democrats maintained their ground in contests in which national issues were predominant; that the net result would seem to indicate a "vote of confidence" in the Wilson administration, and that there was no rising dissent in the country against the one important achievement of the Democratic party and its leader, the revision of the tariff downward. In Massachusetts, Lieutenant-Governor David I. Walsh (Democrat) was elected Governor by a plurality of 53,691, Charles S. Bird (Progressive) receiving 126,677, Augustus P. Gardner (Republican) 116,314, and Governor Eugene N. Foss (Independent) 20,810. The notable feature in this election was the increased strength of the Progressives. They increased their vote over the previous year and came to occupy second place in the state, also gaining the balance of power in the Legislature, which stands: Republicans, 117; Democrats, 103; Progressives, 17; Independents, two; Socialist, one. In Maryland the Democrats elected Blair Lee to the United States Senate by a plurality of more than 30,000. The most significant municipal election was that in New York, which elected the Fusion nominee for Mayor, John Purroy Mitchel, against the Tammany nominee by a plurality of more than 121,000 votes. The rest of the Fusion ticket, including William A. Prendergast for City Controller, and George McAneny as President of the Board of Aldermen, were also elected by decisive pluralities, a result which will deprive Tammany of the support of public patronage for four years to come. This is one of the most disastrous defeats the Tammany Democracy has ever experienced. It was intensified by the election of a Republican Assembly in the state. Tammany completely dominated the Assembly of 1913, to the extent of forcing the impeachment of the Governor, William Sulzer (see supra). Sulzer was elected to the Assembly on the Progressive ticket, while many of the Tammany-controlled legislators who had voted to impeach him were defeated, another indication of the disposition of the voters to strike at Tammany. The whole result is taken to indicate the beginning of a reconstruction of the Democratic party in New York. In New Jersey, on the other hand, Four cities in Ohio elected Socialist the Republicans gained at the expense Mayors: Coshocton, Hamilton, Marof the Progressives, and the results tin's Ferry (reëlected), and Shelby. an The general result of the Fall elec- Jersey seem to neutralize one tions seems to indicate tnat the final other and leave the situation still outcome of the struggle between the in deadlock. The student of politics Republicans and the Progressives is must look to the elections of 1914 for as to the ultimate disThe Fall re- indication yet to be determined. sults in Massachusetts and in New position of these parties. BIBLIOGRAPHY Among the publications appearing DUNCAN-CLARK, S. J.-The Progressive in 1913 bearing upon varied aspects of American history, the following may be mentioned as noteworthy, in addition to the special bibliographies mentioned in other departments of the YEAR BOOK: ADAMS, John Quincy.-Writings. Vol. I, 1779-96. Edited by Worthington C. Ford. (Macmillans.) ALLEN, G. W.-A Naval History of the American Revolution. 2 vols. (Houghton, Mifflin.)-An exhaustive compilation of maps, documents, bibliographies, illustrations, etc., from original sources; rather a reference book for the research student than an interesting account for the general reader. American Year Book, 1912. (Appletons.) ANDREWS, C. M.-The Colonial Period. (Holt.) -Guide to the Materials for American History to 1783 in the Public Records Office of Great Britain. Vol. I. (Carnegie Institution.) BEARD, C. A.-Economic Interpretation BEER, G. L-The Old Colonial System, -The text has been published before but never with such copious and scholarly notes as are supplied by Worthington C. Ford in this edition. CHAPMAN, J. J.-William Lloyd Garri son. (Moffat, Yard.)-Slight and uncritical but stimulating and readable sketch, particularly of the traits of Garrison as man and reformer and the moral temper of his time. Economic BeginCOMAN, Katharine. (Macmillans.) nings of the Far West. -Despite the first word of the title, the book is chiefly a political history. DAWSON, S. M.-A Confederate Girl's Diary. (Houghton, Mimin.)-Kept in Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and elsewhere during the Civil War; a graphic revelation of the hardships of life in the South at that time. DE KOVEN, A.-Life and Letters of John Paul Jones. (Scribners.) DEWEY, George.-Autobiography. (Scribners.)-An interesting and important story told in clear straightforward fashion; two-fifths devoted year at Manila. to the Movement: Its Principles and its Pro- An impersonal description of the cam- EDGAR, Lady.-A Colonial Governor in (Yale FARRAND, Max.-Framing of the Constitution of the United States. University Press.)-The best outline sketch for the general reader; based on the author's Records of the Federal Convention, 1787. Nationality. (American Book Co.) Vol. VIII. (Åp- 1774. (Colonial Society of MassachuMassachuestts Royal Commissions, 1681setts' Collections.) MEADE, G. G.-Life and Letters. 2 vol. (Scribners.) MOORE, J. R. H.-Industrial History of -A high school text. RAY, P. O.-An Introduction to Political RHODES, J. F.-Lectures on the American Civil War. (Macmillans.)-Three lectures delivered at Oxford in 1912 summarizing the history of the Civil War from 1850 to 1865. (Scribners.)-A scholRIVES, G. L.-United States and Mexico, 1821-48. 2 vol. arly, readable and impartial book based on printed and manuscript sources in English, Spanish and French. James. History of the SCHOULER, Vol. VII, 1865-77. United States. (Dodd, Mead.) SCHURZ, Carl.-Speeches, Correspondence Edited by Fredand Political Papers. 6 vol. (Putnams.) eric Bancroft. War. (Putnams.) TYLER, M. W.-Recollections of the Civil Recollections of vol. (Appletons.) WILSON, J. H.-Under the Old Flag. 2 military operations in the Civil War, the Spanish War, and the Boxer Rebellion. Stevens. (Bobbs Merrill.) DOUGLAS, J.-New England and New WOODBURN, J. A.-Life of Thaddeus France. (Putnams.) 67 II. POPULAR GOVERNMENT AND CURRENT POLITICS ARTHUR N. HOLCOMBE PROGRESS OF POPULAR GOVERNMENT The initiative, referendum, and recall were adopted in one state, and provision for submitting the two former to the people was made in five other states, where they do not now exist. The total number of states in which the initiative and referendum do now ex The most striking event of the year mary to 38. Presidential preference 1913 in connection with the progress primaries were provided for in at of popular government was the rati- least five states, raising the total fication by the necessary three-fourths number of states possessing the presiof the states of the Seventeenth dential preference primary to 17. The Amendment to the Federal Constitu- non-partisan method of nominating tion, providing for the direct election and electing judges was adopted in six of United States Senators by the peo- states, and preferential voting was ple. During the year the cause of adopted in another state for use in votes for women continued its remark-making primary nominations. able gains of recent years and acquired greater strength than ever be fore. The electoral franchise was conferred upon women in the territory of Alaska, and, so far as lay in the power of the legislature, in the state of Illinois. In addition there are ten states in which the question of ex-ist is 18 (though in Utah legislation tending the suffrage to women is a campaign issue to be settled by the people in 1914 or one of the two following years. The total number of woman suffrage states at the end of 1913 was 10. The state-wide direct primary was established in two states in which it had not previously exist ed, raising the total number of states possessing the state-wide direct pri necessary to put the system of direct legislation into effect has never been enacted), and in two states, New. Mexico and Massachusetts, the referendum exists alone. The state-wide recall now exists in eight states, and has been proposed for adoption in four others. Finally, the reform of all branches of state government has become one of the questions of the day. DIRECT ELECTION OF UNITED STATES SENATORS Ratification of the Seventeenth from South Carolina to Louisiana; Amendment.--On May 31, 1913, the Secretary of State proclaimed the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution by three-fourths of the 48 states. Thus the direct election of Senators by the people. already established in fact in half of the states of the Union (A. Y. B., 1912, p. 58), becomes established by law in all. The twelve states which failed to ratify the amendment before the issue of the Secretary of State's proclamation included the six states of the lower South extending four of the South-Middle states, namely, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky: and also Rhode Island and Utah. Virginia, Kentucky and the six states of the lower South already possessed the virtual direct election of Senators by means of party rules of the dominant party or of optional direct primary laws accepted by the dominant party, and Maryland had taken steps towards the establishment of a similar practice. Consequently Delaware, Rhode Island and Utah were the only states in which STATUS OF POPULAR GOVERNMENT Presidential Direct Prefer- ence Pri 1911 the Seventeenth Amendment was neither virtually anticipated by the people nor promptly adopted when submitted to them. Supplementary State Legislation.— The procedure for the direct election mary of Senators by the people is complete without the enactment of further legislation by the states. The state legislatures, however, are permitted by the Seventeenth Amendment to authorize the governors to make temporary appointments to the Senate, pending the filling of casual vacancies by the people. If the legislatures do not choose to avail themselves of this permission, must issue governors writs for an immediate election when casual vacancies occur. Moreover, special legislation is necessary in order to bring the nomination of Senators within the scope of the direct-primary laws in those states which have not already provided for the direct nomination of Senators. The now obsolete Oregon plan for the direct nomination and election of Senators was adopted in 1913 in Iowa and Ohio, and in Vermont the legislature voted to submit to the people in 1914 the futile question whether provision should be made by law for a popular 1912 1911 1912 1909 1912 1912 1913 1907 1912 1912 1912 1913 P. R.8 1909 1913 1911 1911 1913 1907 1911 1904 1910 1903 1911 1 Dates in italics are those of proposed submission to the people. 2 Votes have also been granted to women in school or other local elections in 21 states where full equal suffrage has not yet been granted. The constitutional Initiative has been established in only 11 of these states, the others restricting the initiative to statutes. Four of the 5 states in which the initiative is to be submitted to the people have proposed both the constitutional and the statutory inItiative. The recall is not applied to judges in three states where the recall has already been established and in one where it is proposed for adoption. Two additional states, Maryland and In Arizona the recall was first adopted in 1911 and extended to judges in 1912. The direct primary was first established by the territorial legislature and extended by the first state legislature. Illinois votes have been granted to women for statutory, but not for constitutional offices. In Maryland the Presidential preference primary, like the state-wide direct primary, is advisory only. and final action with respect to delegates-at-large and candidates for offices filled by election in the state-atlarge is taken by the regular party state conventions. 12 In Nevada the referendum was established in 1904 and the initiative was added in 1912. 13 In New Mexico the referendum exists in a limited form, but there is no popular initiative. 14 In Utah the initiative and referendum were adopted in 1900, but legislation necessary to put them into effect has never been enacted. erendum only. 15 Ref advisory vote upon Senatorial candi- | of the states permitted the status of dates to assist the legislature in mak- Senatorial nominations and elections ing future elections. A few of the to remain as determined by their prestates adopted legislation in 1913 pro- vious legislation and the Seventeenth viding for the direct nomination as Amendment. (See also I, American well as election of Senators, but most | History.) WOMAN SUFFRAGE which the electorate passed upon such a measure. In Michigan the legislature of 1912 provided for the submission of an amendment the same year, and at the general election in November it was defeated by 760 votes. There was reason to believe, and it was commonly believed, that this adverse result was obtained by a fraudulent count, and the legislature of 1913 promptly provided for resubmission at the spring elections. The measure was then defeated a second time by a vote of 168,738 yeas to 264,882 nays. In addition to the eight states in which, during 1913, action was taken by the legislatures for the future submission of constitutional amendments to the people, there are six other states, namely, Michigan, Ohio, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, and Nebraska, in which constitutional amendments may be submitted directly to the voters without the intervention of the legislatures, through the use of the constitutional initiative. State Legislation.-The "votes for women" campaign before the legislatures of 1913 was the most successful in the history of the cause. In Alaska the new territorial legislature by its first act at its first session extended the franchise to all women in the territory on the same terms as men. In Illinois the legislature, prevented by the cumbrous machinery for the amendment of the constitution of that state from submitting a full suffrage amendment to the people, granted to the women of the state the right to vote for Presidential electors and for all state and local officers whose election is not restricted to men by the state constitution. This measure | does not grant the right to vote for United States Representatives and Senators, nor for members of the state legislature, the Governor, and judges of the higher state courts, but it covers such state officers as trustees of the state university, and a large number of municipal and other local officers. In nine other states the legislatures provided for the submission Woman Suffrage a National Issue. to the people of constitutional amend--In the northern and middle-western ments granting to women full political states generally the advocates of votes equality with men. In one of these for women have been more active durstates, Michigan, the amendment was ing 1913 than ever before. In the submitted to the people in April, southern states, where interest in 1913. In four of the states, North equal suffrage has developed less rapand South Dakota, Montana and Ne- idly than in other parts of the counvada, the amendments will be voted on try, the leaders of the cause took an at the general elections in the fall of important step by calling for a con1914. In the other four, Iowa, New ference at New Orleans in November, Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania, to which the governors of 14 states the amendments must be approved by were invited to come in person or by a second legislature before they can proxy, for the purpose of discussing be voted on by the people, and con- a uniform plan of action for the adopsequently they may not be finally sub- tion of woman suffrage in the South. mitted to the people until 1915 or The National Council of Woman Vot1916. ers, consisting of enfranchised women, has for its object the influencing of Federal legislation to secure the ballot for the women who have not yet received it. In conjunction with the National American Woman Suffrage Association, representing woman suf Amendments to State Constitutions. The campaign to secure the approval of the people for womansuffrage amendments to state constitutions was less conspicuously successful. Michigan was the only state in |