creases the duties of local health offi- and constructive measures; the procers to protect people against the dis-gramme is to include among others ease. Arizona has stringent enact- activities intended to prevent sickness ments against tubercular immigrants; and thus diminish poverty. The donor in North Dakota counties are em- indicates the probable need of copowered to appropriate funds for the operating with public authorities and campaign; in Oregon compulsory re- with existing agencies having similar port of cases is enacted; in Wisconsin objects, and also the advantage of a new law allows court commitment devoting some time and money to reof patients who have violated the search, so as to make sure that proorders of the Board of Health and posed measures will accomplish the who are dangerous carriers of the con-objects sought to be attained. tagion. At a meeting of the American The state Anti-Tuberculosis Com- Academy of Social and Political mission of Delaware has made sani- Science, the "Art of Giving" was distary inspections of certain wards in cussed as an exact science. The prinWilmington. In Indiana every county cipal speaker declared that during the but four has a tuberculosis associa- year 1912 gifts totaling nearly $267,tion, and the state association has 000,000 were reported by the press, an office in the State House. Open- and that for 12 years the total of air schools have been established in notable gifts has exceeded $100,000,many cities; in some by anti-tuber-000 each year. The discussion which culosis commissions or societies, in followed contains much valuable adothers by boards of education. In vice to prospective givers. several cities work against tuberculosis begun by private societies has been taken over by the city. Recent public opinion on tuberculosis prevention is shown by the results of recent referendum votes. A referendum on a county tuberculosis hospital in eight towns in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., was carried by a vote of three to one. A referendum in Chicago by which nearly a million dollars was appropriated for a tuberculosis hospital was carried by a vote of 167,000 to 39,000. One hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars was appropriated for a municipal sanatorium in Seattle, by a vote of 39,000 for to 8,000 against. Winnebago County, Wisconsin, voted a county tuberculosis hospital by a total vote of three to two. The taxpayers of the village of Peekskill, N. Y., voted 261 to 221 to employ a visiting nurse. Bayshore, N. Y., voted to employ a school nurse after the school board had refused to employ one. A great many new associated charities or similar organizations have been organized during the current year, especially in the states of Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Indiana, North Dakota, South Carolina, Virginia, and in the Hawaiian Islands. In Tennessee and Virginia associated charities have been organized by colored people for work among their own race in connection with the other charity organizations. Several new central councils of social agencies have been organized, especially in the far West and in the South. In Manitoba the city of Winnipeg has established a civic charities bureau to inquire into the character of organizations which appeal to the public for money. In many places the associated charities has a visiting nurses' department, but in Bristol, Conn., the visiting nurses' association has a charity organization department. In Cleveland a notable federation for philanthropy has been Voluntary Philanthropic Agencies.- created under the auspices of the A notable gift to the New York Asso- Chamber of Commerce, which has comciation for the Improvement of the bined the budgets of all the instituCondition of the Poor is announced as tions, societies, and associations for probably the largest individual dona- charity, etc., that are approved in the tion ever made to an established so- city; the plan is to facilitate work ciety. The sum is $650,000 and its and decrease administrative expense. purpose is to create a department of In Ohio a number of temporary orsocial welfare which is to undertake ganizations were effected in the flooded a social programme of preventive districts, some of which will become permanent. When the flood distress | Chicago from Washington when the came the need of systematic organiza- news of the Ohio floods turned him tions of the kind was very strikingly back to that state. The work of resshown. cue and relief was done throughout the flooded territory, under competent trained directors, with an efficiency and promptness inconceivable in the old days of confusion and suffering that formerly marked the attempt to relieve such disasters on a large scale. (See also XXIII, Engineering; and XXX, Public Health.) The Red Cross.-The organization of the American Red Cross has proved its efficiency during the year. The tornado at Omaha had scarcely died down before one of the institutional members of the Red Cross from Chicago was on his way to the city. The director of the Red Cross had reached BIBLIOGRAPHY ALLEN, William H. - Modern Philan- CLOPPER, Edward N.-Child Labor in City Streets. (New York, Macmillan GORING, Charles.-The English Convict. HART, Hastings H.-"A Working Program for the Extinction of the Defec LOWRIE, Donald.-My Life in Prison. (New York, Mitchell Kennerley.) MAURICE, C. Edmund.-The Life of Octavia Hill. (New York, Macmillan Co.) REEDER, R. R.-"Postgraduates of the TRACY, F. N.-"Seven Years of the Hon- "The Caged Man." (Am. Acad. of Polit. and Soc. Sci., III.) XIX. AGRICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES AGRICULTURE E. W. ALLEN vin succeeded Willis L. Moore as Chief of the Weather Bureau on the latter's removal (see V, National Administration). L. M. Estabrook was appointed Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, succeeding Victor H. Olmsted. Retirement of Secretary Wilson.-| Plant Industry, and Charles F. MarJames Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture since 1887, a period of 16 years, retired March 4, 1913. Few men have rendered such notable service to this basic industry. His work was constructive and was based on an intimate knowledge of the conditions One of the most radical changes unand needs of American agriculture, der the new administration relates to thorough sympathy with the Ameri- the system of publications. The Decan farmer, and a large measure of partment's publications are said to confidence in the ability of science and represent in the aggregate the most experimentation to aid in promoting voluminous body of literature currentagriculture in all regions and make ly published by any scientific instituit more intelligent and sure. In a tion in the world. The activities in remarkable degree he enjoyed the con- this direction have, however, reached fidence of the people and of Congress, the limit of the funds available, and and this enabled him to secure means hence the system has been revised for developing the Department and with a view to economy and to better making its work effective. In his adapting the publications to the needs time the Department grew from a of special classes of readers and defiforce of less than 2,500 persons to nite sections of the country. In place nearly 14.000, from an appropriation of the independent series of bulletins of less than $3,000,000 to nearly and circulars issued by each of the $18,000,000, and became the greatest bureaus, a single departmental series agricultural institution in the world. has been established. The bulletins Department of Agriculture.-The will be semi-technical, and will be supchange of administration brought sev-plemented by the more popular Farmeral changes in the Department of ers' Bulletin, which will be reduced in Agriculture, although the personnel size and will deal particularly with of its working force was not affected. conditions in restricted sections. David F. Houston, President of Wash- agency has been provided for promptington University in St. Louis and ly disseminating information through former President of the Texas Agri- the press and otherwise. The annual cultural and Mechanical College, be- reports of the Department will be came Secretary of Agriculture, and considerably abbreviated, and changes Willet M. Hays, Assistant Secretary will be made in the character of the since 1905, was succeeded by Beverly articles comprising the Yearbook. The T. Galloway, a member of the Depart- more technical bulletins have been ment force for over 25 years, and superseded by a Journal of AgriculChief of the Bureau of Plant Industry tural Research, a new organ for resince its organization in 1900. Dr. cording the scientific activities of the Galloway was succeeded by William Department in form suited to those A. Taylor as Chief of the Bureau of interested in the more strictly tech An nical aspects of agricultural investi- | increased to a total of $750,000. The gation. In the crop-reporting service of the Bureau of Statistics a number of plans have been developed to make the information gathered more effect ive and to place it speedily in the hands of the farmers. The monthly Crop Reporter has been superseded by the Agricultural Outlook, to be issued once a month during the crop-reporting period, and a weekly news letter to crop correspondents. The Outlook will contain a summary of crop conditions throughout the country, together with a summary of the weather conditions and articles on the condition of special crops and industries, and other timely topics. Special arrangements will be made to issue and distribute it promptly. A plan has been put into effect for giving farmers immediate news of the crop conditions by telegraphing the crop news for each state to a Weather Bureau office at a central point, from which the information will be distributed to every newspaper in the state within a few hours. A new Rural Organization Service, with an Office of Markets, has been established (see these titles, infra). The Agricultural Appropriation Act for the year 1913-14 enlarged the powers and duties of the Department in a number of respects, and carried the largest appropriation ever granted it, $17,986.945, an increase of $1,335,449 over the previous year. Some of the more important new features were the authorization of a commission to investigate the subject of rural credit abroad (see Rural Credits, infra), a Federal law for the protection of migratory game and insectivorous birds (see Conservation of Wild Life, infra), and provision for the inspection of serum, virus, toxins, and analogous products for the treatment of domestic animals (see Diseases of Live Stock, infra). A special appropriation was made to test the feasibility of eradicating hog cholera from a circumscribed area. The amount for the eradication of the cattle tick in the South was increased to $325,000, that for combating the gipsy and brown-tail moths in New England to $300,000, and the funds for farm management and demonstration work were Forest Service led all other bureaus with a total appropriation of $5,399,679, largely for administering the national forests, followed by $2,667,995 for the Bureau of Plant Industry, $2,031,196 for the Bureau of Animal Industry, $1,901,260 for the Office of Experiment Stations, including the allotments to the state stations, $1,707,610 for the Weather Bureau, and $1,058,140 and $742,210 for the Bureaus of Chemistry and Entomology. The Crop Year.-Not since the great drought of 1901 has the crop damage in the western corn belt been so serious as during the past season. Hot weather set in the middle of June and continued through the summer, with very deficient rainfall. Extra cultivation did much to save the corn in the central corn belt, the season teaching an effective lesson in this respect which has been preached for years, but slowly practiced. Spring grains were badly injured in many sections. The range dried up and feed, as well as water for stock, became scarce. In some sections of the West the unusual spectacle was presented of farmers who had feed, trading it for water for stock, head for head. Live stock of all kinds, including breeding stock and calves, was rushed to the stock yards, Kansas City receiving the largest shipments on record. The effect of this extensive selling will have a serious effect on the future live stock interests of the sections concerned. The generous rains which came in the drought-stricken portion of the corn belt were too late to materially affect this year's crops. In October the estimated yield of corn was 22.2 bu. an acre, as compared with a yield of 29.2 bu. in 1912 and a five-year average of 26.5 bu. This indicates a total production, on the estimated area of 106,884,000 acres, of approximately 2,373,000,000 bu., the lowest since 1903. On the other hand, the winter wheat crop was the largest of record, and spring wheat, while greatly injured by drought in some sections, was a fair crop. The total production of wheat is placed at 753.233.000 bu., the largest ever grown in the United States. The area in oats was the largest ever grown in the United States, but The stations in a number of the states were greatly strengthened during the year, and in general they shared the prosperity of the agricultural colleges with which they are connected. They had available for their work a total of over $4,000,000, of which $1,545,000 came from the Federal Government and the remainder from state appropriations, fees, contributions, and sales. Of the total revenue, over a million dollars was expended for buildings and another the crop of 1,122,139,000 bu. was below the record crop of 1912, although the third largest in our history. The yield of barley per acre was much below that of 1912, and the total crop of 173,301,000 bu. was about 50 million bushels less than in 1912, the record year. The rye crop is estimated at 34,789,000 bu., nearly equal to that of 1912. The condition of the cotton crop on Sept. 25 was only 64 per cent. of normal, the lowest at that date, with one exception, in 10 years. Drought was disastrous dur-half million for permanent equipment. ing the summer, and the subsequent rains came too late in many sections to be of much benefit to the crop. All surplus potato states, except Maine and Colorado, indicate a materially smaller production than last year, pointing to a decrease of about 25 per cent. The final estimate of the Department of Agriculture, given in tabular form on page 501, showed a more favorable condition than the October estimate, but did not alter the record of decreases in all the principal crops except wheat. (See also XIII, Economic Conditions.) The largest development occurred in California, where the station work was reorganized, along with that of the College of Agriculture, and received a greatly increased appropriation from the state. The appropriation for the biennium was $700,000 for all branches of the agricultural work of the state university, including the experiment station and extension work, and in addition $60,000 for the purchase of land for a citrus substation in southern California, $100,000 for a laboratory building, and $25,000 for a residence and barns for the substation. It is planned to develop in southern California a high ment upon all phases of citriculture. Experiment Stations. The year was one of an unusual number of changes in the personnel of the ex-grade station for research and experiperiment stations. This is still one of the hindrances to be contended with, due to the excessive demand for well-trained men, resulting from the steady development of these institutions, and the higher standards of work. The directors of no less than 13 of the stations changed, and in 27 states, or fully half, there were important changes in the members of the staff. These members now aggregate about 1,600, an increasing number of whom give their attention in large measure or exclusively to the station work. Dr. S. M. Babcock, agricultural chemist in the Wisconsin University and Station since 1888 and widely known for his development of the Babcock milk test and for a long list of important agricultural investigations, retired at the close of the college year at the age of 70, under the conditions of the Carnegie Foundation. He had been connected with experiment station work since 1882, when he became the first chemist in the newly established state station at Geneva, N. Y. The Arizona legislature showed its appreciation of the experiment station by an appropriation of $87,800 for the biennium, including $30,000 for a new station farm in the Salt River Valley, $18,000 for dry farming, $10,000 for date palm experiments, and $4,500 for publications. In addition, $165,000 was provided for an agricultural building at the state university, in which the station will share. Iowa gave a large increase for the College of Agriculture, in addition to $40,000 for the station, $10,000 for veterinary investigation, $17,000 for the purchase of an experimental farm, and $40,000 for agricultural extension. The Kansas station received for the biennium $55,000 for maintenance, with $15,000 for the production and dissemination of improved seeds; and, in addition, $102,500 for six branch stations, two of which are new and located in the dry section of western Kansas. The legislature also provided for a state board of irrigation, on which the station is represented, 465 |