true of four trans-Mississippi states, Iowa, Missouri, Louisiana and Utah. At all these censuses a few manufacturing or mining states east of the Mississippi River, like the three southern New England states, New Jersey, and West Virginia, and outlying states like Florida and Michigan, largely surrounded by water, had received more native immigrants than they had sent out. in 1908 the Bureau of Immigration began the publication of figures by the aid of which it is possible to correct the error. For five years the annual reports of the Bureau have shown not only the number of arriving aliens, whether coming to this country as residents or for a temporary stay, but also the number of departing aliens. During the five years 1908-12 the arriving aliens numbered 5,114,442, or an annual average of 1,022,888. But during the same period 145, or an annual average of 525,829. the departing aliens numbered 2,629,The difference between the two cur In Of the two races in the United States of which the native population is composed, the white and the negro, the whites are the more migratory. This is shown by the fact that in 1910 the native whites who were liv-rents, or the amount of immigration, ing outside of the state of birth were in the popular or ordinary accepta22.4 per cent. of the entire number, tion of that term, was 2,485,277, or but of the native negrocs the correan annual average of 497,055. sponding percentage was only 16.6. other words, the average real immiThis difference exists in the great ma-gration, or immigration in the popular jority of the old slave states and in four of the free states, namely, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kansas. For example, among the negroes native of Texas 9.3 per cent. were living in some other state, while of the whites native of Texas 13.8 per cent. had emigrated. But in all the western and nearly all the northern states the proportion of the few native negroes who have left the state is greater, and often much greater, than the proportion of the whites. Between 1900 and 1910 interstate migration increased among each of the main races. The proportion of native whites living outside the state of birth increased from 21.5 per cent. in 1900 to 22.4 per cent. in 1910; the proportion of native negroes outside the state of birth increased from 15.6 per cent. in 1900 to 16.6 per cent in 1910. IMMIGRATION acceptation of that word, has been less than half (48.6 per cent.) of the reported immigration, or immigration in its technical official meaning. The average, however, was considerably exceeded in the fiscal year 1913, when the net increase in population from immigration was 815,303. The total number of aliens admitted was 1,427,227, compared with 1,017,155 the previous year; and the departures were 611.924, compared with 615,292 in 1911-12. Insanity among Immigrants.-There has been much discussion of the growing burden of insanity upon the taxpayers and of the part in that burden to be ascribed to the foreign-born It has been frequently population. said that the rapid increase of insane in institutions is largely due to unrestricted or unsifted immigration. But this question has usually been discussed with too little appreciation Arrival and Departure of Aliens. of the real nature of the evidence It is very common to think and write necessary to prove the assertion. Inof immigration into the United States sanity is essentially a disease of old as amounting to approximately one age. For example, in 1904 among million persons a year. For this pop- each 100,000 white persons 20 to 24 ular delusion, encouraged by a natural years of age in the general population, fondness for round numbers, the Bu- 83 were insane persons in institutions; reau of Immigration is in large measamong those 40 to 44 years of age, ure responsible. Thus, in its annual 448 were insane; and among those 60 report for 1912 (p. 4), the statement to 64 years of age, 522 were insane. is found: "If the past decade is con- This indicates that insanity at ages sidered as a whole, it will be noted 60 to 64 is more than six times as that immigration has amounted to common as at ages 20 to 24. Any almost 1,000,000 aliens a year." But comparison which ignores this rapid stitutions for the insane among the wealthier and more densely settled increase of insanity with age and the diverse age composition of the native and the foreign-born population is al-northern states. If this interpretation most sure to be misleading. The insane in institutions are increasing with great rapidity in the United States, as in many other countries. How far this increase is due to and proves an actual increase of insanity, and how far it is to be explained by the extension of public provision for the insane in institutions, cannot be determined from the evidence in hand. The latest Federal figures regarding the insane in the United States are those for 1890 and 1904. By comparing the results of these inquiries with the census figures of 1890, 1900 and 1910, it is now possible to estimate the number of foreign-born white males between 35 and 39 years of age who are in institutions for the insane to every 100,000 foreign-born white males between 35 and 39 years of age residing in the country. Similar figures can be computed for each sex, each age and each nativity class, and thus more accurate comparisons than ever before can be made between the prevalence of insanity or at least institutional insanity among the native and the foreignborn at two different enumerations. The general result is to show that insanity is more common among the foreign-born than among the native of the same sex and age. This is true in all but three of the 56 classes compared. In seven of the 56 classes the ratio of insanity among the foreignborn is more than double that among the natives, while in 46 of the 56 cases the excess of insanity among the foreign-born varies from nothing to 100 per cent. is accepted, then the larger proportion of foreign-born insane in institutions can be ascribed, at least in some measure, to the fact that the foreign-born, living as they do mainly in the northern states, share in the proportions characteristic of those states. To test the conjectural explanation, the insane population in institutions in the several states should be classified by sex, age and nativity, and this information is lacking. In default of that information, I have estimated for New York State the number of native and of foreign-born white over 20 years of age in 1903 from the census returns of 1900 and 1910, and have compared the number of native and of foreignborn insane in institutions with these results. This method, though crude, is probably the best which the tabulations permit. It indicates that the proportion of insane in institutions among the foreign-born white adult population of New York State exceeds that among the native white adult population by about 38 per cent., a difference notably less than that indicated by the figures for the entire country. A second difference between the native and the foreign-born population, of much importance for the present purpose, is that the foreign-born live largely in cities. Insanity is more likely to occur in cities, or at least, if it occurs there, it is more likely to result in a transfer of the patient to an institution. Hence the larger proportion of insanity among the foreignborn is probably due in some degree to the fact that they are massed in In interpreting these figures two areas where insanity is more likely to considerations should be kept in mind. arise, to be detected, or at least to In the first place, the insane in in-demand and secure institutional care. stitutions are much more numerous relative to population in the North than in the South. In the southern states there were 116 such insane in 1903 to each 100,000 persons; in the northern states the proportion rose to 218. The simplest and most obvious explanation of the difference is to ascribe it, at least in large measure, to the more adequate provision of in On the whole, then, the figures of 1903, compared with the census figures of 1900 and 1910, do not indicate an abnormal or alarming prevalence of insanity among the foreign-born population. They afford no reason to suppose that through either public or private agencies this country is being made a dumping ground for the insane of other countries. · XVI. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS RECREATION ROWLAND HAYNES The Year's Progress. The year A new feature of these statistics in 1913 has been marked by important the last two years has been the relegislation affecting the administra- ports of communities of less than tion of recreation; by the appearance 5,000 population, showing the spread of a new type of recreation survey, of the movement in small towns and namely, a survey of the efliciency of rural districts. recreation systems in certain cities Public Administration of Recreaand a working out of standards there- tion.-During the present decade the for; by extension in the special train-administration of recreation has been ing of playground and recreation undergoing a change similar to that workers; by growth of the propa- in the administration of public educaganda for wholesome recreation in ru- tion in certain parts of this country ral communities and smaller cities; a century ago, that is, from private and by the progress of plans for an philanthropy to public service supInternational Committee on Recrea-ported by taxation and carried on by a public board. Hence most of the tion. Growth and Status of Public Recre- problems of the year in cities have ation. Reports for 1913 gathered been those incident to this change or, from over a thousand communities in some of the cities where the work for the Year Book of the Playground is oldest, to the reorganization of recand Recreation Association of Amer-reation administration on a sounder ica showed 342 cities maintaining basis. 2,402 regularly supervised playgrounds State Legislation.-Iowa passed a and recreation centers and employing law centering the supervision of rec6,318 leaders, directors and super-reation activities in the hands of the visors, in addition to about one-fourth school board. This law permits school as many more caretakers. About 60 per cent. of these leaders were women workers. These figures indicate an increase of 20 per cent. over 1912 in the number of cities maintaining such work. Forty-three cities stated that supervised recreation activities were opened for the first time in 1912, 70 cities for the first time in 1913. The growth of indoor recreation centers has been especially marked, returns showing 134 cities with 529 centers open evenings in their school buildings. In 15 cities streets were reported as set aside for play, besides 96 cities reporting streets reserved for coasting in winter. Twenty cities reported bond issues for recreation purposes aggregating over $2,400,000. boards to appropriate money from their regular funds for recreation purposes, and to submit to the people the question of a separate tax for the support of recreation activities. Massachusetts passed a law for the appointment of a city planning commission in every city and town of 10,000 population or over. These commissions are charged not only with the usual tasks of a city planning commission in selecting sites for public buildings, parks and playgrounds, but also with the task of securing the better use of such facilities as already belong to the city. New York amended its school laws, authorizing school boards, except in cities of the first class, to equip, main tain and supervise recreation activi- | some new school buildings, the best ties, to select sites and to levy taxes adapted for recreation use of any that for the purchase, lease or improve- have yet been built. ment of sites for recreation purposes. The law also authorized school boards to permit the use of school houses and grounds for public-library purposes, social, civic, recreational and welfare gatherings, as well as for polling places and political meetings. The extension of the home rule principle by state laws is affecting recreation development in that it permits cities without recourse to state legislation to provide for commissions and other special forms for administering recreation activities. The New York, Michigan and Ohio home rule laws have during the year begun to be used to modify recreation administration in cities of those states. Municipal Provision for Recreation. -Richmond and Norfolk, Va., and Birmingham, Ala., passed ordinances providing for a public recreation system. In Boston the creation of the new Department of Parks and Recreation is significant as unifying administrative forms previously scattered and as recognizing other than scenic functions of the Park Department. The Charter Commission of Detroit provided in the new charter, to be submitted to the people in 1914, for a recreation commission in whose hands is placed the supervision of all recreation activities in the city whether carried on in school or park facilities; representation on the recreation commission of the different boards affected is provided for. The new charter of Cleveland provides for a division of recreation under the Department of Public Welfare. The first stage of park development in this country was the provision of one big park; the second stage was the provision of a series of large parks; the third was the welding of the series of parks into a system by connecting boulevards; the fourth has been the provision for the wider use of the parks, often by installing elaborate apparatus and field houses. During the year this stage has been further developed, especially in Chicago, by the outlining of a plan for the distribution on all kinds of public property of a larger number of recreation centers specialized for different age groups. Increase in Self-Support.-The year has seen an attempt to work toward the matter of self-support in a larger way. Late in 1912, at the American Civic Association meeting the Superintendent of Parks of Hartford, Conn., outlined his plan of self-support of parks from refreshment and checking revenues, a plan on which he had been working for several years. In 1913 the Park Department of Cleveland extended the operation of municipal dancing pavilions in the parks, charging 40 per cent. less than the commercial dance halls and coming out several thousand dollars ahead of expenses. The Social Center Committee of New York City conducted a social center in one of the school buildings and demonstrated the possibilities of partial self-support. About 25 per cent. of the expenses of this social center were met by membership dues in clubs and from dances and enter Wider Use of Public Facilities.-tainments. Recognizing the urgent need for public recreation and that the provision of enough buildings and grounds exclusively for recreation purposes adequately to meet this need would entail either a prohibitive expense or years of delay, many cities have pushed vigorously for the opening of school houses and yards after school hours, the reservation of non-traffic streets during certain hours for play purposes, and the planning of public markets to be available for play use after market hours. Due to the same impulse 1913 has seen the opening of There is a wide difference of opinion as to the possibilities of selfsupport of recreation both as to the amount and to the distribution of the source of this self-support. Experience so far is not complete enough to give final conclusions, but the following tentative results seem to have been demonstrated: (1) Children using playgrounds and similar indoor activities cannot be expected to bear any appreciable amount of the expense. (2) There is no reason why adults who are paying considerable sums for commercial recreation should not pay directly for forms of recreation which they use in public facilities in place of these commercial forms. (3) The expense cannot be distributed evenly so that each department of recreation shall be selfsupporting, but revenues from check rooms, refreshment stands, dances and the like must be used not only to cover the expenses of these activities but also of other activities equally, if not more, valuable but less productive. (4) Careful direction is necessary that anxiety for revenue does not lower the quality of recreation. Recreation Surveys.-The year has been significant both for the spread of recreation surveys as a part of larger social surveys and also for the introduction of a new type of survey, known as an efficiency study, to show whether a given recreation system was turning out a satisfactory quantity and quality of work. A survey in Detroit showed the bearing of different types of congestion of population on the distribution of private play areas. It showed that with the highest density of population the trouble comes from lack of private play space; with high middle grades of density, from the distribution of such space, large enough in total amount but cut up into too small individual areas for play use; and with low middle grades of density, from failure to clear, grade, and supervise private play space in vacant lots. Efficiency studies of recreation have been made for the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of New York City and in Rochester, N. Y., of the work of both school and park boards from which a new plan of administration was outlined to secure greater efficiency. From these studies are gradually emerging standards for judging correctly quantity and quality of work being done for unit costs. grounds and recreation centers means little unless they are well supervised, since children had rather be on the street than in a poorly supervised center. Training of Recreation Workers.In respect also of the training of recreation workers there is a curious analogy between the history of recreation and the history of education. Prior to the growth of normal schools teachers were trained in institutes and by local superintendents. That is the chief method in recreation at present. Special training courses in normal, physical training, and social workers' schools, however, are gradually developing. In the Fall of 1913 the New York School of Philanthropy raised its scattered training courses in recreation to the dignity of a separate department with a man trained in practical recreation administration at its head, giving his entire time to this subject. Another advance was the opening for the first time of an institute for recreation workers prior to the annual Recreation Congress. The courses were limited to those actually engaged in recreation work, and took up the technical problems of administration, activities and equipment from the standpoint of the person actually directing recreation work. This growth in special training has marked with added clearness the distinction between physical training and recreation leadership. To the knowledge of activities of a playground or recreation center, the leader must add what is known as the "social point of view," namely, the ability to see the recreation needs of a neighborhood, analyze their causes, and mold his programme to meet these needs. Rural Recreation. Owing to the fact that it has become apparent that the high cost of living is partly due to the exodus from rural communities and that this exodus is partly due Enough surveys have been made in to uncomfortable living conditions and widely separated cities to bring out lack of facilities for wholesome recreacertain very striking common facts. tion, attention has been turned to Among them are these: from 40 to the problems of rural recreation from 70 per cent. of the children in cities economic as well as social reasons. are doing nothing outside of school Owing to the multiplicity of movehours; from 50 to 70 per cent. are on ments in rural recreation, many of the streets; there is less in the way them local in character, only two or of wholesome play for girls than for three of the most significant can be boys; the presence of public play-mentioned. One of these was the |