authoritative statement can be made on this subject.

5. So far the reserve provided for by the Army Appropriation Act of 1912 is discouragingly small.

6. The reduction of the General Staff Corps has resulted in delaying work that would be of vital importance in war.

veston with the remaining units of
the field bakery. Though the aver-
age distance traveled by the units
was 2,000 miles, it is stated that
only the traffic regulations with re-
spect to animals prevented the con-
centration being effected with greater
promptness.

The benefit of the maneuvers of re7. The discontinuance of extra pay cent years was immediately apparent and "double-time" allowance toward in the manner in which the encampwas established on ground retirement for enlisted men serving ment in the insular possessions promises to which promised most unfavorably. be a serious setback to the organiza- Roads, bridges, ditches and drains tions assigned thereto. The system of were constructed. Strict sanitation permanent organizations in foreign was enforced from the first, with the possessions was adopted for reasons of | result that sickness has been practiThe non-effective rate economy in transportation, increased cally absent. knowledge of and interest in their has been about one-third of that of special mission on the part of the the Army at large, and not a single troops, and greater uniformity in the case of typhoid has developed. foreign service required of the commissioned personnel. When the systom was put into effect experience had demonstrated that the majority of experienced non-commissioned officers would gladly continue on foreign service because of the extra pay and the fact that each year counted double toward the 30 years of service before retirement. The withdrawal of these incentives has resulted in many of the non-commissioned officers taking their discharges when due and either quitting the service for good or returning to the United States (at government expense) to enlist in some organization serving therein.

THE REGULAR SERVICE

Border Troops.-Mention has been made of the fact that within ten days of the order organizing the tactical divisions and brigades in the United States, the Second Division was ordered to concentrate on the Mexican

border. On March 3 the concentration had been effected. Assembled at Texas City were the Division Headquarters, one battalion of engineers, two brigades of infantry, one regiment of artillery, one regiment of cavalry, one field company of Signal Corps, with an additional detachment of signalmen, one aero squadron (provisional), one ambulance company, three pack trains and six units of Field Bakery No. 2. The other brigade of the division encamped at Gal

A system of instruction, progressive in character, has been followed. The entire division has had small arms practice, and quite a feature has been made of swimming. There have been practice marches and tactical problems for all units, from a patrol to a reënforced brigade of the three arms combined. The system of military education now in force in the Army (4. Y. B., 1912, p. 297), combined with the practical field exercises, has developed a commissioned "Our personnel on which the division commander reports as follows: officers have the most varied training of any body of officers as a whole within my knowledge; all we need is more officers of the same kind." His comment on the discipline of the enlisted force was equally favorable. The maneuvers have been conducted over an extensive territory devoted almost entirely to truck and fruit farms, but the division commander states that "the average boarding school for boys would have furnished more cause for complaint than has arisen from the presence of nearly 12,000 men."

In addition to the Second Division there have been three regiments of cavalry stationed border; from these the border patrols which have had charge of the enforcement of neutrality have been taken. The most serious action taken by any of these patrols was on Sept. 12 and 13, when a band of 19 Mexican 311

marauders, who had committed depre- | over that of 1912.

With the rapiddations near Carrizo Springs, Tex., fire batteries the practice has been were run down by a posse of soldiers conducted so as to give the highest and civilians, commanded by Lieut. rating to the company which could Terry Allen, 14th Cavalry, and cap-change targets the oftenest with a tured after a brisk fight in which two given number of rounds and hit each of the Mexicans were killed and three target with the fewest number of wounded. ranging shots. Drill and practice with siege pieces has supplemented the work with the fixed armament. The state of training of the coastdefense troops in their special duties has permitted more time to be devoted toward making them available as infantry in a war where their presence was not needed at the fortifications. Especial attention has been given to small-arms practice, and one full month has been devoted to infantry training only, the last two weeks being spent in the field in practice marches and tactical exercises.

The Mobile Army.-In the mobile army, except for the Second Division, there have been no large maneuvers. In the cavalry the main effort has been directed toward securing training in offensive action as cavalry. A board of cavalry officers has been abroad making a study of cavalry tactics in foreign armies. They found that, while our cavalry was second to none in combined action, it was deficient in the mounted action of large units. Much of this deficiency has been overcome by systematic exercises. At the same time the board As the infantry is handicapped by recommended an improved equipment the small size of the companies, so for cavalry troops which has been is the Coast Artillery by insufficient adopted and is under manufacture. men. The authorized strength of the The new infantry drill regulations, corps is 715 officers and 18,140 enadopted in 1912, are so simple in principle and practical in operation that that arm has had no difficulty in the transition from the old. The infantry has been greatly handicapped by the limit placed on the strength of the companies, which have generally been too small for full value to be had from the training. In the field artillery, greatest attention has been paid to improving the artillery practice. One regiment has been organized as siege artillery, a branch of artillery work which has been neg lected in the Army of recent years, except for such instruction in the service of the pieces and in target practice as could be given in the Coast Artillery, where certain siege pieces are kept on hand to be used in case of attack by land on the flanks or rear of the coast defenses.

listed men.
To man the defenses in
the United States there are required
for guns 1,592 officers and 37,094 en-
listed men, and for submarine mines,
power plants, searchlights, and the like,
169 officers and 4,970 men, a total of
1,761 officers and 42,064 enlisted men.
The mines, searchlights, etc., will
always have to be served by personnel
from the regular Army, but it has
able to support one-half the manning
been hoped that the states would be
personnel for gun defense. In this
been disappointed, as the militia has
expectation the War Department has
less than half the number of men re-
quired to man one-half the coast guns.
With the rapid approach of the com-
pletion of the defenses in the Philip-
pines, Hawaii and the Canal Zone, 263
officers and 6,234 men must be sup-
plied. This will leave for gun de-
fense in the United States 283 officers
of the regular service and 479 of the
militia, and 6,936 enlisted men (reg-
ulars) and 7,267 militia, which is
less than 40 per cent. of the number
required for a single relief.

The Coast Artillery.-In the Coast Artillery a new system of plotting has been adopted in connection with a new method of loading, with a view to securing more uniformity in the ranging of projectiles at extreme ranges. The rate of fire has been The Supply Corps.-Since the lessomewhat reduced, but the reports so son of the Spanish War, in which the far received indicate that in hits per volunteers were sent into the tropics gun per minute the practice will in heavy blue uniforms and equipped show a considerable improvement with obsolete smoke-producing weap

ons, the various departments charged with the supply of the Army have devoted a great deal of attention to ward equipping the troops actually in service with everything that would be required, and the accumulation in reserve depots of the arms, ammunition, equipments, tentage, blankets, clothing, and all other unperishable articles needed for an army of 502,000 men, including coast - defense troops. At the same time a system has been perfected by which issues necessary to bring the organizations of the regular Army and the Organized Militia to war strength equipment would be made almost automatically.

In the Ordnance Department the reserve supplies are in an encouraging condition except for field-artillery ammunition. There are 180,000,000 rounds of smokeless small-arms ammunition, 717,000 of the latest type Springfield rifle, 1,176 machine guns and 90 per cent. of the reserve ammunition for coast-defense guns. Only about 20 per cent. of the required reserve ammunition for field artillery, however, has been provided, and Congress has been asked to appropriate $6,000,000 for this class of ordnance alone.

While the reserves of the Quartermaster Corps are not so far advanced as those of the Ordnance Department, considerable progress has been made. For example, a camp was established at Gettysburg during July for 57,000 veterans of the Civil War. They were supplied from the reserve depots with tents, bedding, kitchens, mess equipment, in short, with everything necessary for their comfort. Also in the disastrous Ohio floods a great amount of suffering was relieved by the same means. (See also XXIII, Engineering.)

The most important developments during the year in the Ordnance Department have been the equipping of the mountain artillery with a threeinch piece using the same projectile as the light artillery, the successful completion of the long range mortars to be used in the seacoast forts of the Panama Canal, the adoption of the split trail for light artillery, thus greatly increasing the field of fire of these pieces from any one position,

and the issue to the army of the new
There has been
Colt .45 automatic pistol, to replace
the old revolvers.
some doubt that the Army rifle is
the best that could be obtained, but
its critics have been silenced by the
fact that it won in the contests at the
Olympic Games, at Buenos Ayres, at
the Interlegation Meet in China, and
at the International Tournament at
Camp Perry. Altogether the rifle has
been used in competition with the
small arm of 19 different foreign na-
tions during the year and has been
uniformly successful.

The Engineer Corps -The work of this corps in the coast defenses of Hawaii has been completed. Two of the important forts guarding the entrance to Manila Bay have been completed and the other two nearly so. In the Canal Zone the engineering features of the defenses are well in advance of those of the other departments. The work of the Army engineers in river and harbor improvements is reviewed elsewhere (see X, Waterways).

The Signal Corps.-The Signal Corps has been endeavoring to break away from all civil functions so as to devote the effort of the entire prsonnel to purely military duties. With this object, Gen. George P. Scriven, who succeeded Gen. Charles J. Allen as Chief Signal Officer when the latter retired from active service on Feb. 14, has recommended that the Alaskan telegraph system be turned over to the Post Office Department. This system consists of 2,636 miles of submarine cable and 1,047 miles of land line with 70 stations, ten of which are radio stations. The amount of business in the fiscal year 1913 was $364,356.30, an increase of $7,012.85 over 1912. The work has requir d five officers and 242 enlisted

men.

The Signal Corps maintains radio stations at five important coast defenses and 18 other army posts (10 of which are in Alaska, seven in the Philippine Islands and one in Hawaii), besides the stations on three cable ships, nine harbor tugs of the coast defenses, and 14 transports. With regard to these last, all have now been so equipped as to enable the wireless to be operated for six

313

year with the Sulu Moros over the dis- THE ORGANIZED MILITIA armament inaugurated in 1912. The disarmament had proceeded peaceably of the inspection season consisted of The Organized Militia at the close until the beginning of 1913, when a 9,130 officers and 111,672 enlisted number of Joloanos under the Datto men, a decrease of 12 officers and Amil defied the Government. The 1,038 enlisted men since 1912. The Moro Constabulary proceeded against decrease was largely due to the musthe disaffected band, and in the re- tering out of organizations found to sulting engagement two American fall irremediably below the standard. Constabulary officers, Captains Ver- New York leads the states with 1,056 non L. Whitney and James L. Coch- officers and 14,901 enlisted men; run, were seriously wounded. After Pennsylvania is second with 768 offithis engagement, between five and ten cers and 9,766 enlisted men; Utah thousand Moros of the district, fear- has the smallest force, having only ing reprisals, stampeded to the fast- 31 officers and 323 enlisted men. nesses of Mount Bagsak in northern There are in all 41 general officers of Jolo. General Pershing by confer the line, 1,782 officers and 5,493 enences and promises of just treatment listed men of the staff corps and debrought back to their homes all but partments, 299 officers and 4,156 enabout 300 of the people. These prov-listed men of the cavalry, 293 officers ing utterly defiant, and several of and 4,907 enlisted men of the field them having violated their agree- artillery, 479 officers and 7,267 enments, General Pershing went quietly listed men of the coast artillery and to Jolo on the night of June 10 and, 6,237 officers and 89,894 enlisted men taking the garrison from there, to- of the infantry. There have been 74 gether with some Philippine Scouts, active officers of the regular Army proceeded by boat to the coast near and 20 retired officers on duty with Mount Bagsak. The force landed the Organized Militia as inspectorunder cover of darkness and sur-instructors, besides 131 sergeants. rounded the mountain, thus prevent-While reports indicate commendable ing a second stampede of harmless improvement in discipline, equipment, natives into the heights. Having training and care of government thus separated the peaceful from the disaffected, a determined attack was made on the morning of June 11. The government troops consisted of Company M, 8th Infantry, and six companies of Philippine Scouts, with two mountain guns which they dragged up the cliffs by block and tackle. For five days the Moros made a most tenacious resistance, resorting to counter attacks with hand to hand fighting again and again. At the end of the five days the Moro leader, Amil, his principal lieutenants and about 200 of his followers were killed or wounded; the others scattered and escaped; there were no voluntary surrenders. Of the government forces Captain T. A. Nichols was killed; the other casualties were 13 enlisted men killed and one officer and 26 enlisted men wounded. There have been several small engagements later incident to the running down of those who escaped, resulting in each case in the capture of the outlaws and their arms. (See also VIII, The Philippine Islands.)

property in the various units, the Organized Militia as a whole has made little progress, except in the state of New York, toward becoming a national guard in the true sense.

a

arms and field artillery and the exThe great increase in range of small tended lines of battle caused thereby have necessitated tactical organizations in which our militia is almost entirely lacking. An army improperly organized and only partly trained would have no chance when opposed to a well-balanced force. With view to bringing into prominence the actual conditions, the General Staff has endeavored to form the militia into tactical divisions in the same manner as has been done for the regular Army in the United States. Using the infantry as a basis, the militia of the various states has been assigned to 12 divisions. The following table shows the shortage in these divisions in the field artillery, cavalry and auxiliary troops, without which successful field operations cannot be hoped for: