militarist policy of the Choshiu clan. ture and Commerce, Tatsuo Yama- | General Kusunose, an opponent of the moto; Justice, Masahiso Matsuda; Interior and Railways, Kei Hara; Education, Sajima Motoda; Communications, Gigin Okuda. The new Cabinet undertook to pursue the work of retrenchment and reform, while reserving for thorough consideration the needs of national defence. The Cabinet was strengthened in June by the retirement of Baron Kikoshi and the appointment as Minister of War of Finance. The budget for 1913-14, introduced for the third time on the reopening of the Diet on Feb. 27, balanced revenue and expenditure at $293,400,000, an increase of $2,400,000 over the estimates of the preceding year. Baron Takahashi forecasted a reduction of the income tax through administrative reforms expected to save about $25,000,000 annually. COMMERCE OF THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD V. THE NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION THE PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT President.-Woodrow Wilson, Dem- The President and Vice-President ocrat, was inaugurated twenty-eighth are elected for terms of four years President of the United States on by the state Electoral Colleges, whose March 4, succeeding William Howard membership is based on the CongressTaft, Republican, defeated for reëlec- ional apportionment. This apportiontion in the election of Nov. 5, 1912. ment is revised after each decennial census, as shown in the table in the YEAR BOOK for 1912, p. 159. The official figures of the popular and electoral votes in the elections of 1908 and 1912 are given on the following page. The salary of the President is $75,000, with an allowance of $25,000 for traveling expenses. Woodrow Wilson was born at Staun: ton, Va., on Dec. 28, 1856, the son of the Rev. Joseph R. Wilson, a distinguished scholar and clergyman of the Presbyterian Church of the South. His boyhood days were spent in Augusta, Ga., at Columbia, S. C., and Wilming ton, N. C., where he prepared for college with private tutors and at the schools of these places. In 1874 he entered Davidson College, North Carolina, remained one year, and in the fall of 1875 went to Princeton College, from which he was graduated in the class of 1879. Following his graduation he entered the University of Virginia. Charlottesville, Va., as a law student, and was graduated in 1881. For two years he practiced law at Atlanta, Ga. In 1883 to 1885 he did graduate work at the Johns Hopkins University in political economy and history. Secretary to the President.-The Secretary to the President is Joseph Patrick Tumulty, whose appointment was announced on Feb. 3. Joseph Patrick Tumulty was born in He Jersey City, N. J., May 5, 1879. was educated in St. Bridget's parochial school and St. Peter's College, Jersey City, receiving the degree of B.A. in 1899. From 1885 to 1888 he was proAfter three years' study in atfessor of history and political econ- torneys' offices he was admitted to the omy at Bryn Mawr College, and from bar, and in 1904 entered the legal part1888 to 1890, professor in the same nership of Tumulty and Cutley. In branches at Wesleyan University. In 1906 Mr. Tumulty was elected to the June, 1890, he was elected professor New Jersey House of Assembly. At the of jurisprudence and political economy end of his term in 1910 he became priat Princeton University; on the divi vate secretary to Governor Wilson. Two sion of the department In 1895 he was years later Mr. Wilson appointed him assigned to the chair of jurisprudence. clerk of the Supreme Court of New JerIn 1897 he was promoted to the Mc- sey, but he continued to serve the GovCormick professorship of jurisprudence ernor as secretary until Mr. Wilson's and politics. On Aug. 1, 1902, Mr. Wilresignation on March 1. In announcing son became president of the university. his choice of Mr. Tumulty as Secretary He resigned both that office and his pro-dent-elect made the sole exception to his to the President on Feb. 3, the Presĺfessorship on Oct. 20, 1910, immediately after his nomination for Governor of rule of silence on prospective appointNew Jersey, to which office he was electments. ed on Nov. 8. 1910, by a plurality of 49,056 votes for the term Jan. 17, 1911. to Jan. 14, 1914. This office he resigned on March 1, 1913. He is author of the following works: Congressional Government, 1885; The State-Elements of Historical and Practical Politics, 1889: Division and Reunion. 1893: An Old Master, and Other Political Essays, 1893: Mere Literature and Other Essays, 1896; Life of George Washington, 1896: His tory of the American People, 1902 and Constitutional Government in the United States, 1908. A clause in the General Deficiency Appropriation Act approved on March 4 continues the salary of the Secretary to the President at $7,500 per year, to which it was raised from the statutory amount of $6,000 in 1911 at the request of President Taft. President Taft's Secretary was Charles W. Hilles, now chairman of the Republican National Committee. NOTE. In 1908 there were cast for Debs (Socialist), 420,820 votes; for Chafin (Prohibition), 252,683; for Hisgen (Independence League), 83,562; for Watson (Populist), 28,131; for Gillhaus (Socialist-Labor), 13,825. In 1912 there were cast for Chafin (Prohibitionist), 208,923 votes; for Reimer (Socialist-Labor), 29,079. The total vote in 1908 was 14,887,133; in 1912, 15,031,169; these figures do not include blank or void ballots or scattering votes for names not appearing on any electoral ticket. 1 Roosevelt electors not on ballot. 2 Taft electors not on ballot. Vice-President. Thomas Riley Marwas inaugurated shall, Democrat, Vice-President of the United States on March 4. Thomas Riley Marshall was born at North Manchester, Ind., March 14, 1854. He was graduated from Wabash Col lege in 1873, and two years later was Mr. Marshall pracadmitted to the bar. tleed law from 1875 to 1909 at ColumIn 1908 he was elected bla City, Ind. Governor of Indiana by a Democratic majority of about 15.000 for the term expiring on Jan. 1, 1913. The Vice-President presides over the Senate, with no vote except in case of a tie. His salary is $12,000. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS Ten Cabinet officers, constituting the President's advisory council, each in charge of one of the great Departments of the Government, are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, for a term subject to the President's pleasure. The tenth Department, the Department of Labor, was created in 1913 by Act of Con(see infra; gress approved March 1894. elected in 1892, but was defeated in In 1893 he received the Democratic vote in the Nebraska legislature for and I, American History). The sal-US. Senator, and the next year was ary of the Cabinet officers is $12,000 nominated for the same office in the Democratic convention, but was defeated After his retirement each. in the legislature. The terms of the members of President Taft's Cabinet expired on March 4. The members of the present Cabinet were nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate on March 5. By Act of Congress, in the case of vacancy in office of President through the death or removal of both President and Vice President, the Cabinet officers succeed to the Presidency in the order indicated below. 1913 In the Democratic National Conven from Congress he edited for two years (1894-6) the Omaha World-Herald. tion of 1896, Mr. Bryan's eloquence in the famous "cross of gold" speech, advocating the adoption of a free-coinAfter a remarkable perfor President. age plank, secured him the nomination sonal campaign, he was defeated by WilIn 1900 he was nominated by liam McKinley by 271 electoral votes to 176. the Democratic, Populist, and Silver the issues of Republican parties, and was again defeated by McKinley, on free coinage and "Imperialism," by 292 After this secelectoral votes to 155. ond defeat Mr. Bryan founded, in January, 1901, his weekly political magaHis leadership he was again nominated for President was for a time obscured, but in 1908 by the Democratic party, and suffered, at the hands of Wm. II. Taft, a third defeat, by 321 electoral votes to 162. this time on the issue of the trust He remained, However, very important factor in national poliWilliam Jennings Bryan was born in question. Salem, Ill., March 19, 1860. National Convention of 1912 secured graduated from Illinois College, Jack-tics, and his support in the Democratic sonville, Ill., in 1881. and three years the nomination for Woodrow Wilson (4. later received the degree of A.M. 1883 he was graduated with the degree of LL.B. from Union College of Law. Chicago, was admitted to the bar, and began the practice of law at Jacksonville, where he remained until his removal to Lincoln, Neb., in 1887. DEPARTMENT OF STATE Secretary of State.-William Jen-zine, nings Bryan (Neb.) took the oath of office as Secretary of State on March 5, 1913, succeeding Philander Chase Knox (Pa.). He was In the Commoner. Y. B., 1912, p. 18). a Charged with negotiations relating to foreign affairs. Os John E. Assistant Secretary. borne. Wyo. $5.000. (III.). Assistant Huntington Wilson Secretary of State, resigned on March re- 19 because of President Wilson's abrupt, 159 Mr. Bryan was elected to Congress in 1890 to represent a district normaloverwhelmingly Republican, was ly Third Assistant Secretary.— $4,500. Mc In reversal of policy in regard to the Chi- He was admitted to the bar in 1885, nese loan (see I, American History; and and practiced law in Chattanooga until Here III, International Relations). Mr. Os- his removal to New York in 1892. borne, whose nomination was confirmed he formed with Wm. McAdoo a parton April 21, was Governor of Wyoming nership for the practice of law under name of McAdoo and 1893-97 and Representative in Congress the firm 1897-99. Adoo, which subsisted until 1903. Second Assistant Secretary.-Alvey 1902 Mr. McAdoo organized the New A. Adee, D. C. $4,500. York and New Jersey Railroad Company, which constructed under the Hudson River between New York and Jersey City the tunnel system now owned and operated by the Iudson and Manhattan Raffroad Co. Of the latter company he its formation in was president from 1903 to his retirement to enter the Cabinet in 1913. Mr. McAdoo was one of the earliest supporters of Mr. Wilson the for Presidency, and, as acting chairman of the Democratic National Committee, took a very prominent part in the campaign of 1912. Dudley Field Malone (N. Y.) was appointed Third Assistant Secretary of State in 1913, succeeding Chandler Hale (Me.), resigned. He was firmed on Nov. 13 as Collector of Customs at New York. His successor has not been appointed. con Director of the Consular Service. Wilbur J. Carr, N. Y. $4,500. Counselor-John Bassett Moore, N. Y. $6,000. Mr. Moore was formerly professor of International law at Columbia University. He was confirmed on April 21, succeeding Chandler P. Anderson (N. Y.), resigned. Solicitor.-Joseph W. Folk, Mo. $5, 000. Mr. Folk was Governor of Missouri, 1905-9. He was confirmed on Sept. 22, succeeding Joshua R. Clark (Utah), who resigned March 4. Bureau of Accounts.-Chief, William McNeir. $2,300. Mr. McNeir was appointed in 1913, succeeding Thomas Morrison, resigned. Bureau of Appointments.-Chief, M. M. Shand, N. J. $2,100. Bureau of Citizenship.-Chief, Richard W. Flournoy, Jr., Md. $2,100. Consular Bureau.-Chief, Herbert C. Hengstler, Ohio. $2,250. Diplomatic Bureau.-Chief, Sydney Y. Smith, D. C. $2,250. Bureau of Indexes and Archives.- Mr. Long was appointed in 1913, suc- Chief, Mr. James was appointed in 1913, succeeding Swelton L. Brown, resigned. TREASURY DEPARTMENT Charged with management of the national finances. He prepares plans for improvement of the revenue and support of the public credit; superintends collection of the revenue; grants warrants for all moneys paid from and into the Treasury; controls construction of public buildings; coinage and printing of money; and the administration of the lifesaving, revenue cutter, and the public health service. Assistant Secretaries.-Charles S. Hamlin, Mass., in charge of customs; John Skelton Williams, Va., in charge of fiscal bureaus; Byron R. Newton, N. Y., in charge of public buildings and miscellaneous. $5,000 each. Mr. Hamlin was Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in Cleveland's second term; he was confirmed July 28, succeeding James F. Curtis (Mass.), resigned Aug. 1. Mr. Williams, a prominent banker of Richmond, Va., was confirmed March 17, succeeding Robert O. Bailey, D. C., resigned. Mr. Newton, formerly private secretary to Mr. Meing Sherman P. Allen (Vt.), resigned. Adoo, was confirmed Sept. 29, succeed Wen deroth, $6,000. Charged with superinSupervising Architect.-Oscar tending the construction and repair of public buildings. Engraving and Printing.-Chief of Bureau, Joseph E. Ralph, Ill., $6,000. Produces all the securities and similar work of the Government printed from steel plates. Secret Service.-Chief William J. Secretary of the Treasury-Will-Flynn, New York. $4,000. Charged iam Gibbs McAdoo (N. Y.) took the with detection of counterfeiting, and oath of office as Secretary of the similar frauds on the Government. Comptroller of the Treasury.-George Treasury on March 6, 1913, succeed- F. Downey, Ind. $6.000. Construes the ing Franklin MacVeagh (Ill.). laws relating appropriations and methods of rendering and stating accounts. William Gibbs McAdoo was born near Marietta, Ga., Oct. 31, 1863. He entered the University of Tennessee, but left in 1882, at the end of his junior year. to become deputy clerk of the U. S. Circuit Court for the Southern Division, Eastern District of Tennessee. |