storff. April 2-Parade of boy farm workers. April 6-Drive for third liberty loan begins; military parade. April 10-Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels speaks in stockyards for liberty loan. April 11-Lord Reading speaks at Auditorium. April 16-Name of Bismarck school ordered changed. April 20-Labor unions in liberty loan parade. April 21-Italian parade in aid of liberty loan. April 26-Liberty day parade. May 5-Prof. Masaryk of Czecho-Slovak revolutionary committee honored by Chicago Bohemians in parade. May 11-War savings pledge week opened. May 18-Red Cross war campaign opened. May 26-Detachment of Belgian veterans parade in loop. May 29-Famous French veterans, the "Blue Devils," welcomed in Chicago. June 5-Registration under selective draft of July 11-City searched for "slackers." Aug. 24-Pershing patriot honor roll closes with 1.000.000 names. Sept. 1-First gasless (automobile) Sunday. Sept. 2-Government war exposition opens in Grant park. Sept. 4-Bomb explosion at postoffice. Sept. 12-Registration of men from 18 to 45 for army. honored. Sept. 25-Soldiers of French foreign legion Nov. 7-Premature celebration of peace. CHICAGO'S WAR EFFORT. In all branches of war work Chicago went "over the top" in 1918. No adequate statement of what was accomplished by the city can yet be made as the books at this writing (December, 1918) are not yet closed. Elsewhere in this volume will be found some details as to the work of the local chapter of the Red Cross: other activities are indicated in the foregoing chronology. Chicago contributed liberally in work and money, but she did more. She gave of her best blood, as did other American communities, to win the war against Prussianism. A partial list of Chicago men who laid down their lives on the battle fields of France is given on another page; it is not a short list. When the complete roll of honor is printed it will be one of which Chicago may well be proud for all time to come.. TROOPS ENGAGED IN UNITED STATES WARS. Military and naval forces employed by the government since 1775 up to the time of the European war. Total. War. 309.791 Cayuse Indian (Ore.).. 8.983 Texas Indian...... Tripoli Indian (Harrison) 1801-05 1811-13 3,330 California Indian 910 Utah Indian 576.622 Oregon. Washington Indian ......1851-56 5.145 Creek Indian 1813-14 13.781 Comanche In collecting income taxes the exact meaning of the term "head of a family" became the subject of some controversy, and in April, 1918, the commissioner of internal revenue rendered a decision in which he said: "A head of a family is a person who actually supports and maintains one or more of the individuals described in paragraph 153 of the regulations in one household. In the absence of continuous actual residence together, whether or not a person with dependents is a head of a family within the meaning of the statute, must depend on the character of the separation. If a child or other dependent is away only temporarily at school or on a visit, the common home being still maintained, the additional exemption applies. If, however, the dependent continuously makes his home elsewhere his benefactor is not the head of a family, irrespective of the question of support." Paragraph 153 of the income tax regulations referred to by the commissioner reads: "A head of a family is a person who actually supports and maintains one or more individuals who are closely connected with him by blood relationship, relationship by mar riage, or by adoption, and whose right to exer cise family control and provide for these dependent individuals is based upon some moral or legal obligation." INDEPENDENCE DAY FOR ALL PEOPLES. On July 4, 1918, the following Independence day message written by President Wilson was read by our minute" men to patriotic gatherings in 5,300 communities in every part of the United States: You are met, my fellow citizens, to commemorate the signing of that declaration of independence which marked the awakening of a new spirit in the lives of nations. Since the birth of our republic we have seen this spirit grow. We have heard the demand and watched the struggle for sel-government spread and triumph among many peoples. We have come to regard the right to political liberty as the common right of humankind. Year after year, within the security of our borders, we have continued to rejoice in the peaceful increase of freedom and democracy throughout the world. And yet now, suddenly. we are confronted with a menace which endangers everything that we have won and everything that the world has won. In all its old insolence, with all its ancient cruelty and injustice, military autocracy has again armed itself against the pacific hopes of men.. Having suppressed self-government among its own people by an organization maintained in part by falsehood and treachery, it has set out to impose its will upon its neighbors and upon us. One by one it has compelled every civilized nation in the world either to forego its aspirations or to declare war in their defense. We find ourselves fighting again for our national existence. We are face to face with the necessity of asserting anew the fundamental right of free men to make their own laws and choose their own allegiance, or else permit humanity to become the victim of a ruthless ambition that is determined to destroy what it cannot master. Against its threat the liberty loving people of the world have risen and allied themselves, No fear has deterred them and no bribe of material well-being has held them back. They have made sacrifices such as the world has never known before, and their resistance in the face of death and suffering has proved that the aim which animates the German effort can never hope to rule the spirit of mankind. Against the horror of military conquest, against the emptiness of living in mere bodily contentment, against the desolation of becoming part of a state that knows neither truth nor honor, the world has so revolted that even people long dominated and suppressed by force have now begun to stir and arm themselves. Centuries of subjugation have not destroyed the racial aspirations of the many distinct peoples of eastern Europe, nor have they accepted the sordid ideals of their political and military masters. They have survived the slow persecutions of peace as well as the agonies of war and now demand recognition for their just claims to autonomy and selfgovernment. Representatives of these races are with you to-day voicing their loyalty to our ideals and offering their services in the common cause. I ask you, fellow citizens. to unite with them in making this our Independence day the first that shall be consecrated to a declaration of independence for all the peoples of the world. ing the morning a large Anglo-Saxon fellowship meeting, The bishop of London opened the ceremonies and the speakers included Winston Churchill, and for the United States Admiral Sims, Gen. Biddle and G. H. Putnam. In the afternoon King George and Queen Alexandra and other members of the royal family, including the duke of Connaught, attended a baseball game between army and navy teams. The game was played at the Chelsea football grounds. The charge d'affaires adds that the evidence of popular friend'y understanding between the body, and that the timely and encouraging two countries has raised the spirits of everyannouncements from America have been very helpful. Holiday in Italy. A telegram from Rome stated that the day was proclaimed a pubic holiday in honor of the United States throughout Italy, and from reports received was enthusiastically celebrated everywhere. The embassy was the recipient of some 500 telegrams and letters of, congratulation and fraternity from municipalities, public bodies and individuals. a At Rome the ovation could not have been more universal, enthusiastic and impressive. Thousands of people waving American flags assembled during the afternoon along the route between the American embassy and the Victor Emmanuel monument. In the historic Piazza Venetia, before the steps leading up to the Victor Emmanuel monument, notable addresses were made in the presence of most distinguisbed gathering of ministers. senators, deputies and other high civil and military officials. The entire diplomatic corps was present, including the British ambassador and staff. Speeches, cordial and patriotic, were made by the mayor of Rome, Prince Colonna, and by Leonida Bissolati, ex-minister and former leader of the socialists. He spoke 3 length with great eloquence, and his speech, which was most eulogistic, attracted great attention. Others who spoke were Senator Cotillo of New York: ex-Minister Ruffini; Maj. Byrne of the American Red Cross, and Capt. Deroode. After this ceremony there was a procession of patriotic societies with their banners up the wide Via Nazionale, profusely decorated with American, Italian and ally flags, to the American embassy. Here an informal reception was held, many of the highest civil, and military authorities being present. Addresses were delivered from the balcony of the chancellery of the embassy by Deputy Barzilai and the American ambassador, who spoke in Italian to the immense crowd which packed the square below. has It is generally believed that there never been at Rome a more enthusiastic or larger popular demonstration. It is estimated that 100,000 people took part in it. Similar ovations occurred in the principal cities of Italy. The small body of wounded soldiers who had come from the front in France attracted great attention. Ambassador Thomas Nelson Page adds: "No manifestation which I have ever seen in Italy has ever made a deeper impression cn me." Celebration by Belgians. Following is a report of the celebration of the Fourth of July from Mr. Whitlock Havre: at Most touching demonstrations were made on the Fourth of July by the Belgian government and Belgian citizens. A beautiful and affect Worldwide Celebration of July 4. Newspaper dispatches chronicled briefly the fact that America's Independence day was celebrated at various places throughout the world. not by a few American citizens as in previous years, but by the native populations and officials. The state department was ad-ing ceremony was held in the morning, when vised of many of these celebrations in telegrams, some of which are here reproduced as summarized by the department. Belgian troops, commanded by Gen. Der Utte, saluted our flag with many spontaneous acclamations of the president and the navy. All The flag of the United States flew with that the Belgian ministers, members of the diploof Great Britain over Buckingham palace. thematic corps and the officers commanding the government offices and the houses of parlia- Belgian. French, British. Portuguese and ment. as well as over great numbers of private American bases in Havre were present. I rebuildings. This manifestation was quite gen- ceived an eloquent telegram from the minister eral and not typical of London alone. At the of war, who is at the front. The president's Central hall. Westminster, there was held dur- portrait was displayed in all the schools and Lincoln's Gettysburg address was read to the school children. Addresses were presented at the cgation by delegations representing refugees and several Belgian societies. Tribute in Chile. A telegram from the American embassy at Santiago, Chile, said that all the newspapers on July 4 commented enthusiastically on American Independence day. La Nacion said that the United States to-day was at the height of its greatness, and shows that it continues to increase in the huge proportions characteristic of American enterprise. Mercurio said that this Fourth of July could be appreciated even more keenly in the midst of a war wherein the United States was straining every effort to secure a world peace, a real peace which right and not 1orce will dictate. In the midst of extraordinary times not only can the United States be great in industry, commerce and science, but she knows how to take up arms and fight honorably for great ideals of liberty and right. South American nations are proud to-day, the pa per said, of their great sister and fervently pray that her glories in war and her economic successes may be great. The Diario said that if the state of war and conditions of peace are in favor of the entente it will be due to the strength of the United States, which is being felt in spite of distance. What is most interesting in the role of the United States is that they enter a conIflict without seeking to satisfy their own ambitions and with ideals, like that of a league of nations, to insure future peace. In Brazil. A telegram to the department of state from the American ambassador at Rio de Janeiro says that Independence day was being commemorated as a national holiday in Brazil. There was much popular enthusiasm. The streets were decorated and there was a parade of Brazilian naval, military and volunteer forces during the afternoon and a popular torchlight procession in the evening. All of the newspapers published Sympathetic articles appreciative of President Wilson and America's disinterested fight for democracy. The American colony held a religious service on the evening of July 3 and a patriotic celebration on the Fourth, to which all their friends were invited. Addresses were delivered by Bishop Lucien Kinsolving and others. Celebration at Algiers, A telegram from the American consul at Algiers said that a parade and a most enthusiastic demonstration by the civil and military establishments in honor of the United States took place on the evening of July 3 before the American consulate. It was a unique occurrence in the history of the city. The Fourth was a complete holiday. A review of troops took place in the forenoon, with official visits from colonial, municipal and other authorities to the consulate. There were other festivities throughout the day and evening. Arches, a statue of Liberty and other elaborate decorations were erected. The consul states that the celebration constituted an unprecedented homage to a foreign nation. The American consul at St. Pierre. Martinique, said that there are no Americans there. but that Fourth of July would be celebrated by the French colonists and the colonial government as a national fete, Observed at Saltillo, Mexico. The Allied club at Saltillo, Mexico, sent the following telegram to the American consul at Piedras Negras: "All business houses with the exception of German closed to-day in honor of your country. Accept our congratulations." Telegram from Brisbane. ing cablegram to the president of the United States: "On this the national day of the United States of America, the mayor and aldermen of the city of Brisbane. the metropolis of Queensland, for and on behalf of the citizens, tender their felicitations to the people of the United States of America on their 142 years of free and independent government and express their appreciation of the wholehearted manner in which the United States of America have entered upon and, in conjunction with Great Britain and her allies, are prosecuting the war against the enemies of liberty, freedom and justice." Roumanian Colony at Paris. The American ambassador at Paris reported that representatives of the Roumanian colony of Paris called upon him on July 3, stating that in a desire to participate in the great manifestation of friendship and admiration which is taking place in France on the Fourth of July, they send to the president the following message: To His Excellency President Woodrow Wilson: The Roumanian colony of Paris have the honor to present to you their respectful homage on the occasion of the national fete of liberty. They express the most ardent hopes for the victory of the armies of the great American democracy who are fighting so generously and with such noble valor for the cause of liberty for all oppressed peoples." Holiday at Tunis. A consular telegram from Tunis says that the Fourth of July was enthusiastically cele brated publicly and privately throughout the regency. A holiday was proclaimed. The city of Tunis was dressed with flags and there were a review and speeches. At night there was a torchlight procession of troops with music. Celebration at Havre, France. The American consul at Havre sent the following telegram to the department of state: "The authorities and inhabitants of Havre and the entire region honored the United celebration of Independence day. States by a most enthusiastic and impressive of The municipal council Havre passed cordial resolutions, which were delivered to brilliant ceremony at the hotel de ville, atme on the Fourth by Mayor Morgand, at a tended by distinguished representatives of all the allied governments." A consular telegram to the department of state from Dakar says that Independence day was gloriously celebrated by all the French in West Africa. The American consul at Swansea sent the following text of a resolution adopted by the Swansea chamber of commerce: "That this meeting of members of the Swansea chamber of commerce, on Independence day, July 4, tenders to Mr. Moorhead, the United States consul at Swansea, and through him to President Wilson and the people of America, the expression of their heartiest greetings and felicitations and their admiration of the wholeheartedness that America has demonstrated in the fight for liberty and justice, expressing also their full confidence in the complete success of the allied cause.' The mayor of Swansea issued proclamations calling on all citizens to decorate buildings with American flags. Exchange of Messages. The department of state made public the following exchanges of telegrams: From the President of France to the President of the United States. "Paris, July 3, 1918.-His Excellency Woodrow Wilson, President of the Republic of the United States of America, Washington: The government of the republic. at one with all the national representatives and the whole A consular telegram to the department of country, ordained that to-morrow, the Indestate says that the mayor and council of Bris-pondence day of the United States, shall also. bane requested the transmission of the follow- be a French holiday. Paris will give your glorious name to one of its handsomest averues and acclaim to the skies the parade of the valiant American soldiers. In every department, in every town, large and small, these manifestations of fraternity will be echoed. Two peoples in communion of thought will. one and all, remember the fights of old that won liberty for America and hope for the forthcoming victories which will secure for the world a just and fruitful peace based on the law of nations and fortified by the approval of human conscience. Permit me, Mr. President, cordially to extend to you on the eve of that great day of union and confidence the wishes and felicitations of France for the United States and yourself. "RAYMOND POINCARE." From the President of the United States to the President of France. "The White House, July 6, 1918.-His Excellency Raymond Poincare. President of the Republic, Paris: With a full heart I welcome your message of congratulation upon the American day of independence. It is fitting that this glorious anniversary should witness the fraternity of free peoples in the cause of national self-determination. The happy fruitage of the ancient association of our lands in the common cause of liberty is to-day fitly seen in the union of our countries in the splendid task of upholding their rights in the face of barbaric aggression. My countrymen are alike gratified and filled with pride at the tribute of brotherly affection which the French people are offering them so generously a. every point of intercourse. I most hopefully reciprocate your prayerful wish that this may all presage the ultimate triumph of the rights of France and America not only, but also the rights of humanity. "WOODROW WILSON." From the King of the Belgians to the President of the United States. "Dr. Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, Washington: On the occasion of the memorable anniversary OCcurring on the Fourth of July, I wish to thank once more the great American nation for its untiring efforts toward ameliorating the unfortunate condition of my fellow countrymen and to express to it my admiration for the bravery displayed by its great army on the battle fields of France. Be pleased, Mr. President, to accept the ardent wishes I make for the greatness and prosperity of the United States of America. ALBERT." From the President of the United States to the King of the Belgians. "The White House, July 6, 1918.-His Majesty Albert, King of the Belgians: Your message is very welcome to the American government and people. It comes at a time when the seeds of nationwide compassion have yielded the ripe harvest of brotherly union in the common cause of defending the freedom and the right of human communities to live for themselves and shape their own destinies. May the clouds that overshadow our countries soon pass away, and the sun of world righteousness arise, spreading its healing beams over the enfranchised lands and peoples of the earth. To this the liberty loving world is dedicating its noblest efforts without stint or reservation, and may God defend the right. "WOODROW WILSON." From the President of Cuba to the President of the United States. "Habana, July 3, 1918.-The Hon. Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States. Washington, D. C.: I send to your excellency my most cordial congratulations on the occasion of the Fourth of July, always a glorious day for all the free peoples, but now more revered than ever for its significance in the supreme conflict which is to decide the future of liberty and democracy in the world. I take pleasure in informing your excellency that it has afforded me patriotic satisfaction to ap prove the law enacted by the congress which makes the Fourth of July a holiday in Cuba. "M. G. MENOCAL, "President of the Republic of Cuba." From the President of the United States to the President of Cuba. "The White House, July 6, 1918.-His Excellency M. G. Menocal, President of Cuba. Habana: I thank your excellency most sincerely for your highly appreciated Fourth of July message and ask you to be so good as to make known to the government and people of Cuba the high appreciation of the government and people of the United States of Cuba's fraternal and complimentary action in making our Independence day a holiday in Cuba: I need not assure you that the people and government of the United States have the welfare and happiness of the people of Cuba deeply at heart. WOODROW WILSON.' From the President of Brazil to the President of the United States. "Rio, July 4, 1918.-To His Excellency Mr. Woodrow Wilson, President of the Republic, Washington: Brazil joins in the American people's rejoicing over the glorious date of their political emancipation which your excellency greatly enhanced by bringing the United States into this war to decide the destinies of the world. So strong and so suggestive is the expression of its military power exclusively devoted to the moral and political equipoise of the nations and so disinterested are the purposes of its intervention in Europe, valuing right higher than peace, that this is the day of all the free peoples, who, looking forward to the future in great confidence, pray to God for the happiness of the United States. "May your excellency be pleased to accept ment and people of Brazil. the enthusiastic congratulations of the govern "WENCESLAU BRAZ." From the President of the United States to the President of Brazil. "The White House. July 8, 1918.-His Excellency Wenceslau Braz, President of Brazil: Allow me to express my very warm and cordial thanks for your generous message of the Fourth of July. It is a subject of peculiar gratification to the people of the United States that the people of Brazil should have come to their sides in this great and final struggle for the rights of free peoples. They are happy that such additional bonds of friendship and common purpose should unite them with neighbors whom they so highly respect and so sincerely admire, and I am sure that I am speaking for them in assuring your excellency of their deep satisfaction at being accounted the close friends and associates of the Brazilian republic. WOODROW WILSON. From the President of Mexico to the President of the United States. "Mexico, July 4, 1918.-The Most Excellent Woodrow Wilson. President of the United States of America, Washington: I take great pleasure in sending to your excellency and to glorious anniversary celebrated on this day the the American people on the occasion of the raost cordial felicitations of the Mexican people and government. I am glad at the same time to express to your excellency my most sincere and fervent wishes for the prosperity of the United States and for the very early advent of the everlasting reign of peace and justice in both continents. "V. CARRANZA." From President Wilson to the President of Mexico. "The White House, July 8, 1918.-His Excellency Venustiano Carranza. President of Mexico: In response to your generous telegram of greeting and good will, may I not express to you the sincere friendship of the people and government of the United States, their earnest desire that the bonds of association and mutual helpfulness between the two countries may be drawn closer and closer, and their confident hope that as the friendship of the two countries ripens their common championship of political freedom may become more and more effective. WOODROW WILSON." From the President of Bolivia to President Wilson. "La Paz, July 4, 1918.-The Most Excellent Mr. Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, Washington: I have the honor to extend to your excellency my most cordial comEliments on the occasion of your country's glorious anniversary. The government which I preside, expressing, the sentiments of the Bolivian people, has desired to demonstrate its special sympathies with the great nation over whose destinies your excellency so wisely presides. over Accept once more the wishes, I make for the triumph of the cause so valorously upheld by the United States and its allies together with my earnest wishes for your excellency's personal happiness. "JOSE GUTIERREZ GUERRA. "President of Bolivia." From President Wilson to the President of Bolivia. "The White House, July 8. 1918-His Excel lency Jose G. Guerra. President of Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia: I thank your excellency and the Bolivian government for your cordial felicitations on the anniversary of the independ ence of the United States of America and as- To the President from the President of "Managua, July 4, 1918.-President Woodrow Wilson: Nicaragua celebrates as a national holiday this happy anniversary of the day on which the virile patriots of the United States founded the great nation which is now fighting to establish democracy throughout the world. EMILIANO CHAMORRO, President." From the President to the President of Nicaragua. "The White House. July 8, 1918.-His Excellency Emiliano Chamorro, President of Nicaragua. Managua: I beg to express to your excellency in my own name and on behalf of my countrymen sincere appreciation of the action of your government in recognizing Independence day as a national holiday of Nicaragua, and to express the earnest hope that the goal of an early victory for world democracy will soon be reached. "WOODROW WILSON." THE AMERICAN DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. The unanimous declaration of the thirteen | accommodation of large districts of people, unUnited States of America, in congress, July 4, 1776. When, in the course of human events, it be comes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer. evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same cbject, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism. it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient suffering of these colories, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. while He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass inws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained, and, when so suspended. he has utterly negled to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the less those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature-a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies. at places unusual, uncomfortable and distant from the repository of their public records. for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time after such dissolutions to cause others to be elected: whereby the legislative powers, incapable annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining. in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsions within. of ob. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose structing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstruct d the administration of jus tice by refusing his assent to laws for estab. lishing his judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace. standing armies without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitutions and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation; For quartering lar bodies of armed troops among us; For protecting them by mock trial from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent: |