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dicts and judgments against the plaintiffs in error, whereupon motions were made for new trials, setting up that the act under which the bond was given was contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States as denying to persons within the jurisdiction the equal protection of the law. The motions were overruled, and an appeal was taken to the Court of Civil Appeals. That court affirmed the judgments below, 85 S. W. Rep. 1199; 85 S. W. Rep. 34, a motion for a rehearing was overruled, an application for a writ of error was refused by the Supreme Court of the State, and thereupon the cases were taken to this court.

The bond in suit was given by a liquor seller and was conditioned, among other things, against selling intoxicating liquors to minors, or allowing minors to enter and remain in the obligor's place of business. The breaches found were breaches of the conditions recited. These suits were brought by the defendants in error respectively, the State of Texas, and the parent of the minor. They seem to have been tried together, and the records are so similar that they properly have been treated by counsel as one.

The Statutes of Texas provide for taxes on sellers of spirituous, vinous or malt liquors, or medicated bitters. Rev. Civil Sts. 1895, Arts. 5060a, 5060b. They require an application for a license, giving details, a payment of the annual tax as a condition of obtaining the same, and the giving of a bond like the one in suit. Arts. 5060c-5060g. See amendments, St. 1897, c. 158; 1901, c. 136. They also enact, however, that "the provisions of this chapter shall not apply to wines produced from grapes grown in this State, while the same is in the hands. of the producers or manufacturers thereof." Art. 5060i. This article is thought to invalidate those which precede. The matters of discrimination relied upon are the tax and the requirement of the bond. It may be proper to add that there was a demurrer, setting up generally that the statute was unconstitutional because of this article, but until the motion for a new trial was made there was no sufficient setting up of a VOL. CCII-29

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defense under the Constitution of the United States. Kipley v. Illinois, 170 U. S. 182; Layton v. Missouri, 187 U. S. 356.

The main argument addressed to us was rested on the notion that the statutes discriminate unconstitutionally between two classes of persons in the State, naturally existing there, as in Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co., 184 U. S. 540, there was a discrimination with regard to trusts in favor of producers and raisers of agricultural products and live stock. This argument seems to us a fallacy. Farmers and stock raisers are classes naturally existing in the community, carrying on distinct callings and not likely to be engaged in anything else. Hence, although farmers and stock raisers equally with others were prohibited from forming trusts for other purposes, to permit them to form trusts in their regular business was practically and in fact to discriminate between two classes and others. The case was discussed throughout on the footing of classification. But, so far as we know, there is no natural distinction of classes among liquor sellers-one class selling their own domestic wines alone, another selling all intoxicants except domestic wines. The statutes regulate the doing of certain things, which presumably all liquor sellers would prefer to be free to do. Therefore whatever other objections there may be to them they do not deny the equal protection of the laws by forbidding without justification to one what they permit to another class.

There is one slight qualification necessary to what we have said. It is true that there is granted to the producers and manufacturers of wine from grapes grown in Texas an immunity in respect of that wine which is not granted to other sellers of the same wine. To that extent, but to that extent alone, favor is shown to a class. But this is not the class discrimination put forward and insisted upon. The attack is not mainly on the distinction between producers and other sellers of domestic wine, but upon that between those producers and the sellers of other wine. The latter, as we have said, is not a true class distinction. Whether there is a difference in the scope of a State's general power to legislate and its power to tax or

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not (Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U. S. 1, 26, Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co., 184 U. S. 540, 562, 563), the former does not need an extended defense so far as the Fourteenth Amendment alone is concerned. See American Sugar Refining Co. v. Louisiana, 179 U. S. 89; Reymann Brewing Co. v. Brister, 179 U. S. 445; St. John v. New York, 201 U. S. 633.

That part of the Fourteenth Amendment which forbids the abridgement of the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States was not referred to or relied upon in the motion for a new trial or in the assignment of errors before the Court of Civil Appeals. It is mentioned. for the first time in the assignment of errors before this court. Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Ry. Co. v. McGuire, 196 U. S. 128, 132. In view of the decisions we hardly suppose that the omission was by mistake. Bartemeyer v. Iowa, 18 Wall. 129; Crowley v. Christensen, 137 U. S. 86; Giozza v. Tiernan, 148 U. S. 657; Cronin v. Adams, 192 U. S. 108. The truth is that the Fourteenth Amendment does not touch the case, standing alone, and, if so, other provisions of the Constitution which were not invoked cannot be brought in now under cover of the reference to the Fourteenth Amendment to give the latter a more extensive application to the case than it would have when taken by itself. If the States were restricted by the Fourteenth Amendment only, and saw fit to encourage domestic production, or thought to promote temperance, or to help to secure pure wine, by statutes such as those before us, there would be nothing to hinder them. If the statutes are open to objection as improperly interfering with commerce among the States, Tiernan v. Rinker, 102 U. S. 123, Walling v. Michigan, 116 U. S. 446, the right which springs from Art. 1, § 8, of the Constitution cannot be used to enlarge for the purposes of this case the privileges and immunities or the equal protection of the laws secured by the Fourteenth Amendment. Dewey v. Des Moines, 173 U. S. 193, 198. The converse case of a right set up under Art. 1, § 8, and an attempt to support it by the Fourteenth Amendment, was decided in Keokuk and Hamilton Bridge Co. v. Illinois,

HARLAN, BREWER and BROWN, JJ., dissenting.

202 U. S.

175 U. S. 626, 633. See further Harding v. Illinois, 196 U. S. 78, 86.

It is proper to say that Art. 1, § 8, is referred to in the assignments of error before the Court of Civil Appeals and before this court. But it does not appear that the Court of Civil Appeals dealt with the point and probably it refused to do so on the ground that the section was not relied upon before the trial court. We cannot say that it erred, even if it did, unless that ground is excluded. Jacobi v. Alabama, 187 U. S. 133; Erie Railroad v. Purdy, 185 U. S. 148. The case was argued before us on the Fourteenth Amendment alone, and although there is some slight reference to interference with commerce in one of the briefs, it is rather in aid of the argument based on Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Company, 184 U. S. 540, than as an independent point. At all events the question is not open here.

We believe that we have said enough to dispose of the cases. Whether, even if the statute is invalid as to wines made in other States, the bond may be valid, in view of the applications having extended to the sale of spirituous liquors, Tiernan v. Rinker, 102 U. S. 123, or otherwise, it is unnecessary to inquire.

Judgments affirmed.

MR. JUSTICE HARLAN, dissenting. I do not understand that the court modifies the principles announced in Walling v. Michigan, 116 U. S. 446, or in Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co., 184 U. S. 540. In my judgment, those cases are applicable to and control this case, and require a reversal of the judgment below upon the ground that the statute of Texas is in violation of the Constitution of the United States. I therefore dissent from the opinion and judgment of the court. MR. JUSTICE BREWER and MR. JUSTICE BROWN concur in this dissent.

202 U. S.

Syllabus.

VICKSBURG v. VICKSBURG WATERWORKS COMPANY.

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF MISSISSIPPI.

No. 133. Submitted December 13, 1905.-Decided May 21, 1906.

Where complainant's bill discloses an intention by the municipality to deprive complainant—a water supply company—of rights under an existing contract by subsequent legislation, and the city cannot show any inherent want of legal validity in the contract, or any such disregard of its obligations by complainant as would absolve the city therefrom, the case is one arising under the Constitution of the United States, the Circuit Court has jurisdiction, and a direct appeal lies to this court.

It is a valuable feature of equity jurisdiction to anticipate and prevent threatened injury, and in this case an injunction was properly issued to restrain a municipality from erecting its own water system during the continuance of an exclusive franchise owned by complainant.

As a general rule, and so held in this case, it is discretionary with, and under the control of, the trial court to permit the withdrawal by an intervenor of its original bill, and to strike out testimony taken concerning the same.

The power given under the state law to a corporation to mortgage its franchises and privileges necessarily includes the power to bring them to sale and make the mortgage effectual, and the purchaser acquires title thereto although the corporate right to exist may not be sold.

The laws of Mississippi, as construed by its highest court, do not prevent a municipality from granting an exclusive water supply franchise for a limited period during which it cannot erect and operate its own water system; and under the constitutional limitation that the legislative power to alter, amend and repeal charters of corporations must be exercised so that no injustice shall be done to stockholders, an act of the legislature authorizing the municipality to erect its own water system would not amount to repealing the exclusive features of an existing legal franchise. While grants of franchises are to be strictly construed in favor of the public and nothing is to be taken by implication, where the city has, as in this case, by the terms of the contract given the grantee the exclusive right to erect, maintain and operate waterworks for a definite period it cannot, under the impairment clause of the Constitution, erect and operate, under ordinances subsequently enacted, its own water system during the life of the franchise and subject the company to that competition. Courts have no power to issue a mandatory injunction requiring a mu

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