the normal age-grade standard. This has been chiefly due to failure to secure the early entrance of children into school, although this condition has been remedied to a large extent within the past few years due to persistent effort of the bureau. Intelligence tests conducted have shown an intelligence quotient of 100 for Indian children, as com/pared with 114 for white, which difference would probably lessen somewhat with increase of education. It is clearly apparent, however, that differences exist between different Indian tribes or communities as to capacity for assimilation of knowledge or training. Therefore, any plan of schooling, theoretical or vocational, should not be rigid but adjusted to the capacities and tendencies of given cases. Related somewhat to this question the comparison by grades of enrollment in Government schools given in the report of the commissioner for 1928, and included in the report of the Secretary for 1928, page 57, is continued through the fiscal year 1929, as follows: 1 Special includes pupils in sanatorium schools, pupils in ungraded classes, and a few attending secondary schools or junior college. The familiar limitations imposed by legislation of expenditures per pupil per annum have been repealed by act of March 2, 1929, which provides: That the provision in the act of April 30, 1908 (35 Stat. L. p. 72), and all other acts imposing a limit upon the per capita cost in Indian boarding schools, be, and the same are hereby, repealed. There is now ground for the hope that reasonably liberal appropriations sufficient for the operation of efficient institutions may be hereafter secured. With reference to the physical condition of school plants, it should be said that many of these are old and the buildings unsuitable or in a state of disrepair and modern improvements are lacking. Considerable new construction has been accomplished but a host of poor buildings remain. It has appeared advisable to expend funds for enlargement of some schools in order to provide additional facilities for children who have been without school opportunities. However, with the expectation that the State public schools will absorb gradually an increasing number of Indian children, it is believed that any general program of enlargement may cease. Then expenditures for material improvements may be confined to necessary repair or reconstruction at those schools whose continued operation will be essential for some years to come. EMPLOYMENT FOR INDIANS Referring further to the matter of Indian employment, this concerns both the school graduate and the adult Indian. The aim usually is a permanent occupation for the young man or woman but temporary or seasonal employment for the adult. As to the former class, unless he be placed in and become adjusted to an occupation adapted to his interest and abilities, then the whole scheme of education and civilization fails. If he may return home to farm on land where conditions offer promise of success, this may in those cases be a legitimate objective, but if he returns to a reservation where unfavorable conditions prevail and the influences are such as to force him back to primitive conditions and idleness, then the result is detrimental. An experience of more than 100 years forces the conclusion that the civilization of the Indian will not be effected until changes are brought about in the isolation and customs of the remaining reservations and all Indians must live in close contact with the white communities. Even then, not every individual will be a success, but neither are all individuals of other races, and he must at least be compelled to depend upon himself. Meanwhile it has been the policy of the service with the scant resources at its command, to seek employement for them away from the reservations and, as mentioned in prior reports, many have been successfully placed in occupational employment. An overseer at large, with headquarters in the Northwest, has placed many Indian youth with railroads, mills, machine shops, factories and other business concerns and with orchardists or agriculturists. Existing instructions to the entire supervisory force and to the field superintendents make it incumbent upon them to devote a part at least of their time to the matter of Indian employment. Supervisors are directed to make careful investigation concerning the opportunities of their respective districts, to arrange with employers of labor to take Indians of suitable age, health, and physical ability. A labor overseer has been assigned to duty among the Apaches in Arizona and has succeeded in obtaining work for a large number of the Apaches. Within the reservation at the Fort Apache unit, Arizona, there have recently been constructed 12 cottages for Indian families, and while this may seem unimportant the matter is mentioned for the reason that these Indians have been among the most backward and the interest which they have taken in these homes is thought to be indicative of the breaking away from the old tribal customs and modes of thought and to offer promise for their future development. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES Generally throughout the country the Indians have continued to make encouraging progress along industrial lines, especially in farming and livestock activities, although somewhat retarded by drouths in the southwestern part of the country, until late in the year when abundant rains fell at several places. While complete data is not available, preliminary reports indicate that there has been a substantial increase in the number of Indians farming and the cultivated acreage on nearly all the reservations. Appreciation is expressed of the cooperation which has been given by the extension service of the United States Department of Agriculture and by many State colleges which have placed their facilities at the disposal of the service for the benefit of the Indians. There were appointed during the year six directors of agriculture and three home demonstration agents, and it is hoped this personnel will do much to bring about still further improved conditions. Every effort has been made to encourage and assist the Indians to make the most of their opportunities by means of industrial service and 5-year agricultural programs, which have been adopted on many of the reservations and which function through chapter organizations of the men and auxiliaries of the women. Perhaps the largest and most important single project initiated during the year was the subjugation of 50,000 acres of allotted lands within the Pima Reservation in Arizona, which will eventually be irrigated from the Coolidge Reservoir. This work will require several years for completion, after which, however, it is believed the opportunity will be afforded to the Pima Indians for their agricultural rehabilitation and permit improvement in their present discouraging industrial condition which has been chiefly due to lack of water. ROADS AND BRIDGES The present need is for local roads to connect the various Indian communities with the main highways. Prior to this year, there was no general appropriation for such roads and very little work of this nature could be undertaken, due to the fact that the regular appropriations for the service were all absorbed by necessary current activities. However, an appropriation of $250,000 was made by Congress for this purpose, and while this was a relatively small sum compared to the needs of the service for improved local roads, it is hoped that continued appropriations may be made until reasonably adequate roads have been provided within all of the reservations. Requests from the field for allotment of moneys for this purpose have aggregated $960,000. The bridge across the Colorado River, near Lee's Ferry, Ariz., was completed during the year, at a total cost of $329,533, of which $100,000 is to be paid by the Federal Government from an appropriation made for this purpose about two years ago. The balance of the cost was paid by the State and county. ALLOTMENTS During the fiscal year 253 allotments were made to individual Indians, embracing lands within various reservations aggregating 24,211.17 acres, as shown in the following table: In addition to reservation allotments shown above, 57 allotments were made to Indians residing on the public domain in various States, embracing 8,371.72 acres. EXTENSION OF TRUST PERIODS The period of trust was extended by order of the President on allotments made to Indians of the following-named tribes and bands: Prairie Band of Pottawatomie, Kansas; Iowa Tribe, Kansas and Nebraska; Winnebago, Nebraska; Pawnee, Oklahoma; Siletz, Oregon; Lower Brule, and Rosebud, South Dakota. CHOCTAW INDIANS OF MISSISSIPPI Three separate purchases of land were made during the year, covering a total of 230 acres, at a cost of $5,000. This land has been resold to six Choctaws of the full blood under the reimbursable plan and will provide home sites for about 30 persons. In addition to the tracts actually purchased, $1,480 has been obligated in the proposed purchase of 160 acres for resale to three individuals, whose combined families comprise about 15 persons. To date, $43,912 has been used for the purchase of 1,593 acres. This land has been resold to 58 Indians. It is estimated that approximately 253 individuals have been provided with homes in this way. MISCELLANEOUS PURCHASES The purchase of 3,071 acres of land in Polk County, Tex., for the Alabama and Coushatta Indians has been consummated at a cost of $29,000. Negotiations are under way for the purchase of 3,065 acres of privately owned land within the exterior boundaries of the Fort Apache Reservation, Ariz., at a cost of $6,130. On the Crow Reservation, Mont., 160 acres of land was purchased at a cost of $800, on the site of the Reno battlefield, for monumental purposes. A tract of land containing 20 acres was purchased for the Indian colony at Winnemucca, Nev., at a cost of $500. Approximately 60 persons will be benefited by this purchase. All of these purchases were made from funds authorized by Congress. ADDITIONAL LANDS FOR INDIAN USE Under authority of the act of February 9, 1929 (45 Stat. L. 1158), a small tract of land containing approximately 7 acres, located at Celilo on the Columbia River in Oregon, was transferred from the War Department to the Interior Department as a fishing camp site for a small band of Indians now living thereon. Under authority of the act of February 11, 1929 (45 Stat. L. 1161), several tracts containing 920 acres, located near Kanosh, Utah, were permanently set aside for the use and benefit of the Kanosh band of Indians. Under authority of the act of February 11, 1929 (45 Stat. L. 1161), a strip of land 11⁄2 miles wide and 4 miles long, running north and south, lying between the boundary of the San Ildefonso Pueblo Grant on the east and the eastern boundary of the Santa Fe National Forest on the west, located in Santa Fe County, N. Mex., was permanently reserved for the sole use and benefit of the Indians of the San Ildefonso Pueblo. RIGHTS OF WAY The act of March 4, 1915 (38 Stat. L. 1188), authorizing the opening of public highways over Indian lands in Montana and Nebraska in accordance with the laws of the respective States, upon condition. that maps of location must first be approved by the superintendent in charge of the lands involved, is in line with the present policy of transferring jurisdiction over Indian affairs to the several States. Recently, numerous protests from taxpayers, as well as owners of the restricted Indian lands involved, were received against the issuance to the Montana State Highway Commission of permission to proceed with the construction of Federal State Highway Project No. 253-A, between the town of Wolf Point and the bridge, a few miles southeast thereof, over the Missouri River. The Bureau of Public Roads, after full consideration, decided there was no reason to withhold the extension of Federal aid to this project, and sufficient guarantees being secured that the Indian owners would be fairly compensated for the damage done, the superintendent of the Fort Peck Agency was authorized to permit construction work to proceed. It has since been reported that the Indians are determined to prevent work on this location, and have actually resisted the entry of the State highway commission upon the land. This department is without jurisdiction to interfere, and responsibility for proceeding with the work rests with the State highway commission. All parties in interest have been so advised, and the Indians have been counseled to refrain from the exercise of personal violence and to seek their remedy, if any, through the courts. It will be of exceeding interest to note the manner in which the State of Montana meets and discharges the responsibilities arising in connection with this situation. INDIAN SUITS AND JUDGMENTS The United States Court of Claims, on May 6, 1929, handed down a judgment in the case of the Iowa Tribe of Indians (Oklahoma) v. The United States, No. 34677, awarding this branch of the Iowa Tribe the sum of $256,850. The Iowas of Kansas and Nebraska are not entitled to participate in the judgment mentioned, as they were not parties to the suit, which related solely to lands of the Iowas who removed from Kansas and Nebraska to Oklahoma many years before the transactions occurred which resulted in the suit cited. Suits not mentioned in the report for the year 1928 have been entered in the United States Court of Claims against the United States as follows: Nisqually Tribe of Indians of Washington, petition filed December 31, 1928. INDIAN CLAIMS The act of May 3, 1928 (45 Stat. 484), directed the Secretary of the Interior to investigate and determine claims of individual Sioux Indians enrolled at the various Sioux agencies in North and South |