suggested; but better from quirrito, "to queek" (see p. 16, line 55, of the poem on the nightingale). Hence we have written it Quirrinae rather than Quirinae, which last is preferred by Haupt. 66 votum. Wedding," or "betrothal"; cf. the Codex Theodosianus, iii. 5, 7. Si pater pactum de nuptiis filiae inierit et ad vota non potuerit pervenire, id inter sponsos firmum ratumque permaneat, etc. dabo donabo. Words continually coupled together usually omit the connective et; cf. comminus eminus, sursum deorsum, prima postrema, huc illuc, etc. sutoribus saetas. i.e. for their waxed ends. rixoribus. Probably the same as rixatoribus, "brawlers." in fact, read here rixatoribus. One MS. does, capitinam. A word found only here and of unknown meaning. Possibly it is a plebeian equivalent for caput in the sense of cerebrum, so often used by the Latin writers as the seat of wrath, hot temper, etc.; cf. Horace, Sat. i. 5, 21, given on p. 90, cerebrosus prosilit unus; and Sat. i. 9, 11, O te, Bolane, cerebri felicem. surdis auriculas. Because a pig's sense of hearing is very keen. bubulariis. Others here read botulariis, but this would be anticipating the isiciariis, which does not differ in meaning. Render "butchers." isiciariis. From lolkov, a dish of collops; whence also the Latin insicia and insicium, "force meat." The form insiciarius is elsewhere used. pueris vesicam. To inflate and tie to the end of a stick, as boys do in modern times, using it to give their companions harmless blows of tremendous sound. ungulas. Here to be rendered "claws" for comic effect; cf. Plaut. Pseud. iii. 2, 63. nec nominando coco. speakable cook." "The cook who deserves no mention"; "the un popiam et pistillum. "His ladle and pestle." Popia = the Gk. Swμńpvois. "From Dan to Beersheba." de Tebeste usque ad Tergeste. Apparently Tebeste or Theveste was probably a city of Numidia a proverbial expression. ex litteris. A use of ex, also common in Apicius, and presumably formulaic in Roman cook books; cf. Apicius, iii. 15: apium coques ex aqua nitrata; id. iv. 1, iv. 2, v. 1, vii. 4, and often. consules vitae. An unusual meaning of consul consulens, but paralleled in Vopiscus, Firm. 3: Iovem consulem; and Apuleius, De Mundo, 25. nuclei. · nucleus (nuculeus) is the diminutive of nux; it may possibly be used here with piperis in the compound sense of pepper-corn. See Apicius, viii. 7, where nuclei piperis are included in the seasoning of pork. in medio testamento. Perhaps we should read here in meo testamento with our MS. Lardio. Ofellicus. From lardum, "bacon." See Verrius Lardinus above. From ofella, dimin. of offa, a chop or cutlet. Cyminatus. From cyma, a young cabbage. Lucanicus. From lucanica, a kind of sausage meat much liked by the Lucanians; cf. Cicero, Ad Fam. ix. 16: solebam antea delectari oleis et lucanicis tuis; Martial, xiii. 35. Its composition is given by Apicius, ii. 4. Tergillus. From tergilla, a rind of pork; a word found only in Apicius, iv. 3, and the Gloss. Philox. Celsinus. A name that suggests the dish called by Apicius (viii. 7) porcellus Celsinianus. Nuptialicus. The significance of the name is not clear. Haupt suggests that it refers to some preparation of pork used at wedding feasts (nuptiae), pork being, next to fish, the dish most favored by the Romans. Salmasius conjectures Botulicus from botulus. signavit. These seven pigs all sign the will as witnesses, though in line 2, the pig who makes the will says that he is unable to write a will with his own hand, and so has to dictate it, a slight inconsistency on the part of the author. Explicit. A word found in later Latin at the end of books, probably for explicitus (liber est), but here for explicitum (testamentum est); cf. Mart. xi. 107, 1. Clibanato et Piperato. See above, line 15. feliciter. A word of good omen placed at the end of books and other writings. St. Jerome says (Epist. 28, 4): Solemus completis opusculis ad distinctionem rei alterius sequentis, medium interponere EXPLICIT aut FELICITER aut aliquid istius modi. It is to be noted that though the general form of a Roman will is observed in the Testamentum, and although the seven witnesses carefully sign, such a will as this would be invalid as no heir (heres) is mentioned in it, there being only legatees (legatarii). Hence the burlesque is probably not the work of a lawyer. XXVIII. AULUS GELLIUS. 176. illam talem. "Such a shrew as that." saturā Menippeā. Menippus was a Cynic philosopher who lived about 60 B.C. The works embodying his teaching were cast in satirical form. They are all lost, but some fragments remain of Varro's Saturae, written in imitation of him. minimo. The special names of the fingers are: pollex, thumb; index, or salutaris, forefinger; medius, infamis, or impudicus, middle finger; minimo proximus, or medicinalis, ring finger; and minimus, little finger. quas. "Which (operations)"; by attraction to ȧvaтoμàs. pergere ac pervenire. Gellius is extremely fond of using pairs of words, generally with alliteration, which together mean little, if any more, than either would mean alone. The fondness for this usage is still more strongly developed in modern German, and may also be illustrated from prayer-book English. 177. Democriti. A celebrated philosopher, born at Abdera, in Thrace, about 460 B.C., who, with Leucippus, was the founder of the Atomic Theory. His writings covered a wide range of mathematics, grammar, music, and philosophy. 178. Archytas. A distinguished philosopher of the Pythagorean school, a contemporary of Plato. He was a practical mechanician as well as a theoretical mathematician. His wooden flying dove was one of the wonders of antiquity. Favorinus. A philosopher of Arles who lived during Hadrian's reign. Milo Crotoniensis. A famous athlete who was victor twelve times in the Olympian and Pythian games. He is mentioned by Herodotus, iii. 137. Olympiade. The period of four years between the Olympian Games. As the latter were held in July, any year в.c. belongs half to one year and half to the next of an Olympiad. The record of victors at Olympus began in 776 B.C. but this system of reckoning was apparently first systematically adopted by Alexandrian writers in the third century B.C. Arion. A celebrated Greek bard and musician of Methymna, in Lesbos, who spent most of his life at the court of Periander. Of his life, little is known beyond the story here given. A fragment of a hymn ascribed to him, but really belonging to a later period, is contained in Bergk's Poetae Lyrici Graeci, p. 566. 179. Periander. Tyrant of Corinth, 625 to 585 в.c.; commonly reckoned among the seven sages of Greece. He was a patron of literature and art, but harsh in his rule and cruel in his private life. orthium. The carmen orthium (vóμos õplios) was a sort of dithyrambic ode, without, however, any antistrophe or refrain, usually sung to the lyre or flute, and pitched in a very high key. The tune seems to have been a very familiar one among the Greeks, as may be inferred from the passage in the Knights of Aristophanes, 1279, with which compare Herodotus, i. 24, where we first find it mentioned, and Aristotle, Probl. 19, 37. 182. Veni, redemptor gentium. This hymn has been paraphrased by J. Frank in one of the noblest German hymns, "Komm, Heidenheiland, Lösegeld.' Geminae gigas substantiae. The " "giants" of Genesis, vi. 4, were in legend of two natures or substances, being sons of the angels who came down and united with the "daughters of men." "In the double substance of the giants thus born of heaven and earth, Ambrose sees a reference to Him who in like manner was of twofold nature, divine and human" (Trench). Egressus eius, etc. Cf. the Nineteenth Psalm. 183. Dies irae. This magnificent hymn, of which the best known verses are given in our text, is said to have first appeared in a missal made at Venice about 1250, and is one of the five "Sequences" of the Roman Church, having its place in the Missa in Commemoratione Omnium Fidelium Defunctorum. Its proper title is De Novissimo Iudicio, "On the Last Judgment." The text established by the Council of Trent is slightly different from that of the older missals, and a still different version appears on a marble tablet of uncertain date in a church of the Franciscan Order at Mantua. On the probable authorship of the hymn, see Mohnike, Hymnologische Forschungen, vol. i. pp. 1–24. No more impressive specimen of ecclesiastical Latinity exists. Its stupendous theme finds an apt expression in the stately language, and in the solemnity of the verse with its triple beat, which, as Guericke says, makes the innermost soul tremble as with three blows of a hammer. In modern literature, it plays an important part, being introduced, for instance, with thrilling effect by Goethe in his Faust; and in music it has received interpretations from the genius of Palestrina, Haydn, Cherubini, and Mozart. Though it defies translation, it has been many times rendered into English, the versions of Crashaw, Macaulay, Lord Lindsay, Roscommon, Williams, Drummond, and in our own country of the late General Dix, being the best. Perhaps the most successful representation in English of the spirit of the original is found in the paraphrase of a portion of it by Sir Walter Scott, at the end of the Lay of the Last Minstrel, beginning: "That day of wrath, that dreadful day, What power shall be the sinner's stay?'"' In German there are versions by Herder, Fichte, and Schlegel, among others. See Fifty Versions of the Dies Irae in the Dublin Review for 1882. Teste David cum Sibyllā. Some read here teste Petro, referring to 2 Peter iii. 7-11, while others, who object to the insertion of a heathen Sibyl into a Christian hymn, have altered the whole line to Crucis expandens vexilla (Matt. xxiv. 30). But the thought of the line is evidently "both Jew and pagan bearing witness." For the witness of David, cf. Psalms xcvi. 13; xcvii. 3; xi. 6; as for the heathen testimony, cf. Vergil, Ecl. iv. See also Lactantius, Inst. Div. vii. 16-24. 66 185. Ut iucundas cervus undas. A reminiscence of the beautiful psalm beginning, Like as the hart desireth the water brooks, so longeth my soul after thee, O God." |