of which are foreign-born. Of the households the heads of which are of foreign birth, the Irish show an average monthly rental per apartment of $11.28, the households whose heads are Lithuanians paying an average monthly rental of $9.86, and those whose heads are South Italians paying $8.93. The households whose heads are Poles, Slovaks, and Ruthenians show an average monthly rental per apartment of $7.66, $6.89, and $5.96, respectively. The households the heads of which are South Italians pay an average monthly rental per room of $2.48, followed in the order named by the houeholds the heads of which are Irish, Lithuanian, Polish, Slovak, and Ruthenian, the last named paying only $2.08. The households the heads of which are Irish also show the highest average rent per month per person, which is $2.19. The households whose heads are Lithuanians, South Italians, Poles, Slovaks, and Ruthenians following in the order named, the Ruthenians paying a monthly rental per person of $1.11. The range in monthly rent payments per apartment is exhibited in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment:

TABLE 48.—Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the total number of households, 67.5 per cent pay less than $10 per month per apartment; 41.4 per cent pay less than $7.50. There is considerable variation in the rent per apartment commonly paid by the specified races of foreign-born. For example, 88.5 per cent of the Ruthenians and the greater proportions of the Polish and Slovaks pay under $7.50. On the other hand, only 18 per cent of the Irish pay under $10; 74 per cent paying under $12.50.

The next table submitted shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per room.

TABLE 49.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of 415 households paying rent and reporting the amount, 21.4 per cent pay under $2 rent per month per room, 84.8 per cent pay under $3, and 99.8 per cent pay under $4 rent per month per room. The households the heads of which are of foreign birth show a slightly higher percentage paying under each specified amount of rent per month per room than is shown in the totals for all households studied. The households the heads of which are foreign-born show a considerably higher percentage paying under $3 and under $4 rent per month per room than the households the heads of which are native-born. The households the heads of which are Slovaks and Ruthenians show over 36 per cent, those whose heads are Poles over 29 per cent, and those whose heads are Irish, South Italians, and Lithuanians considerably less than 10 per cent paying under $2 rent per month per room. The households whose heads are Lithuanians show over 90 per cent, and those whose heads are Ruthenians, Irish, Slovaks, and Polish show over 80 per cent, while the households whose heads are South Italians show over 70 per cent paying under $3 rent per room per month. The households the heads of which are of each specified foreign-born race shown in the table exhibit 100 per cent paying under $4 rent per room per month.

The table following shows the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per person according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 50.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that of 415 households paying rent and reporting amount, 12.8 per cent pay under $1 per month per person, 62.4 per cent pay under $2, 85.5 per cent pay under $3, and 93.3 per cent pay under $4 rent per month per person. It will be observed that the households the heads of which are of foreign birth show a considerably higher per cent paying under each specified amount of rent per month per person than do the households the heads of which are of native birth. Of the households the heads of which are foreign-born those whose heads are Ruthenians show 38.5 per cent paying under $1 rent per month per person, the households whose heads are Slovaks show 25.4 per cent, and the households whose heads are Poles and South Italians much smaller proportions paying under the above specified amount. The households the heads of which are Irish and Lithuanians show no percentage paying the above amount. The households the heads of which are Ruthenians show the highest per cent paying under $2 rent per person per month, and the households the heads of which are Irish the lowest per cent paying this amount. The households the heads of which are Ruthenians show 100 per cent paying under $3 rent per month per person, followed in the order named by the households the heads of which are Slovaks, Poles, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Irish, the last named showing only 66 per cent paying under the amount mentioned. The households the heads of which are of each specified race, except the Lithuanians, show 90 per cent or over paying under $4 rent per month per person, the households whose heads are Lithuanians showing 88 per cent paying under this amount.

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of the wives of oil-refining employees to supplement the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home has already been discussed. The extent of this practice and its bearing upon living conditions are considered in the present

connection. The first table presented, which follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 51.-Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders and lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

From the above table it will be noted that of the 525 households studied, 32.8 per cent keep boarders or lodgers, the proportion of foreign-born slightly exceeding the proportion shown by the total, while less than 10 per cent of households the heads of which are total native-born keep boarders or lodgers, and even a smaller proportion, or 4.8 per cent, of those households the heads of which are nativeborn of white native father. Among the foreign-born the Lithuanian households, with 51.6 per cent, show a slightly larger proportion than do the South Italians, Poles, or Ruthenians, and a much larger proportion than do the Slovaks or Irish keeping boarders or lodgers, the last named reporting only 16.7 per cent.

The table following shows the average number of boarders or lodgers per household by general nativity and race of head of household. The averages are based (1) on the total number of households and (2) on the number of households having boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 52.-Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders and lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

From the above table it will be noted that the average number of boarders or lodgers per household, based on the total number of households, is 0.70, while the average number, based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, is 2.15, the average number of foreign-born in each instance being slightly in excess of that shown in the total. Compared with the average number of boarders or lodgers per household among the foreign-born (as based on the total number of households) the average number per household among those native-born of foreign father and native whites born of native father is low. Among the foreign-born the average number of boarders or lodgers in Croatian households, based on the total number of households, is considerably higher than the average number in South Italian or Lithuanian households, the last named reporting an average of one boarder or lodger per household. The Germans, on the other hand, show by far the lowest average, or 0.13. Following the average shown by the Lithuanians, the Magyars and Poles each show an average in excess of that shown by the total foreign-born. Based on the total number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, the South Italians, with 3.07 boarders or lodgers per household, show a considerably higher average than do the Poles, Lithuanians, Slovaks, Irish, or Ruthenians, in the order named, the Ruthenians reporting an average of 1.50.