total closely represent the age distribution of the foreign-born, all but 51 of the total 2,658 being of that class. The largest proportions of both males and females are in the same age groups, under 6, 6 to 13, 20 to 29, and 30 to 44.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race the percentage of male employees within each specified age group:

TABLE 58.-Per cent of male employees within each age group, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The greater portion of the male employees are under 30 years of age, 24.4 per cent being 20 to 24 and 20.4 per cent being 25 to 29. The native-born whites of native father and the foreign-born employees are distributed most largely in the age groups 20 to 24 and 25 to 29, but the former report 16.4 per cent 14 to 19 years of age and the latter only 3.2 per cent. The largest proportion of employees 14 to 19 years of age are reported by the native-born of foreign father, but even larger proportions of this class are 20 to 24 and 35 to 44. Of the group native-born of foreign father, the employees whose fathers were born in Finland report 64.1 per cent 14 to 19 and 28.1 per cent 20 to 24, while every other race of this class reports the greater proportion of employees 25 years of age or over. The Croatians, English, Finns, North Italians, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Slovenians report the largest proportions of employees under 25. The French Canadians, Canadians other than French, Germans, Irish, Norwegians, and Swedes report the largest proportions of employees 45 years of age or over.

CHAPTER VII.

GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.

Ownership of homes-Status of children in the households studied-CitizenshipAbility to speak English-[Text Tables 59 to 70 and General Tables 42 to 50].

OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.

Home ownership by families the heads of which were of foreign birth may be considered as a strong indication of permanent settlement, and the facts in this connection relative to the families, the heads of which were employed in the copper industry, are set forth in the following table according to general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 59.-Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family.

Of a grand total of 512 families studied in the above table, 186 or 36.3 per cent (which is composed entirely of families the heads of which are foreign-born) own their homes. Of the foreign-born races reporting, the Polish, followed by the Magyar and Norwegian, shows the largest; and, with the exception of the English which shows none, the French Canadian, preceded by the Irish and Croatian, the smallest proportion owning their homes.

STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The status of children in the households studied may be seen in the following table which shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age who were at home, at school, and at work:

TABLE 60.-Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more children reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the 344 male children for whom complete data were furnished for the foregoing table, 92.7 per cent are at school, 6.1 per cent are at home, and only 1.2 per cent are at work. The differences in proportion for the native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born are not marked, except that none of the foreign-born children are at work, as compared with 1.4 per cent of the native-born of foreign father who are at work. Of the male children who are native-born of foreign father none of the Irish, French Canadian, North Italian, Norwegian, or Swedish children are at home. The proportion of Croatian children in this general nativity group who are at home is larger than that of any other race, it being 16.7 per cent, as compared with 10 per cent of the Finnish and 5.8 per cent of the Poles. All of the male children who are native-born of French Canadian, Irish, North Italian, and Swedish fathers are at school. Slightly more than 94 per cent each of the male children of Norwegian and Polish fathers are at school, as compared with 79.2 per cent of the Croatians and 88 per cent of the Finnish. None of the native-born children of foreign-born French Canadian, Irish, North Italian, Polish, or Swedish fathers are at work. Of the native-born children whose fathers are foreign-born Norwegians 5.6 per cent are at work as compared with 4.2 per cent of the children of Croatian fathers and 2 per cent of the children of Finnish fathers.

Of the 313 female children information for whom is included in the preceding table slightly more than 90 per cent are at school, less than 10 per cent are at home, and less than 1 per cent are at work. A larger proportion of the foreign-born Croatian than of any other females are at home. The proportion is 25 per cent. None of the native-born female children of Irish father and less than 10 per cent of those of North Italian, Norwegian, Polish, or Swedish fathers are at home. All of the native-born female children of Irish fathers are at school, as compared with 95.8 per cent of those whose fathers are Swedes and 95.2 per cent whose fathers are Norwegians. A small proportion of native-born children whose fathers are foreign-born North Italians are the only ones who are at work. The totals are a combination of the foregoing information.

The table next presented makes possible a comparison of the status of the children of native and of foreign birth in the households studied, and shows, according to general nativity and race of father and birthplace of child, the number and percentage of children 6 and under 16 years of age who are at home, at school, and at work. TABLE 61.-Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]

The purpose of the foregoing table is to compare the first and second generation of children 6 and under 16 years of age of the same race. The Croatian children born abroad show 87 per cent at school and the Croatian children born in the United States 78 per cent.

CITIZENSHIP.

In the Tennessee copper-mining district only 20 foreign-born male employees who had been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming reported their political condition. Of this number 3 were fully naturalized-1 German, 1 Magyar, and 1 Slovak. One German reported having taken out first papers only.

As regards the interest in, and the attainment of, citizenship in the entire district by the operatives of foreign birth, the following table shows by race the present political condition of foreign-born male employees who had been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to this country:

TABLE 62.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]