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The preceding table shows that 2.8 per cent of households pay under $1 rent per month per room, 48.1 per cent pay under $2, 90.5 per cent under $3, and 99.5 per cent under $4. Of the foreign-born races Slovaks alone show a proportion paying under $1 rent per month per room. This race also reports the highest percentage paying under $2. All of the foreign-born races except the Ruthenians report over 95 per cent of households paying under $3 per month per room, the race referred to reporting only 74.2 per cent paying under this amount. All races given in the table show 100 per cent paying under $4 rent per month per room.

The real situation relative to congestion is set forth in the following table, which indicates the extent of crowding within the households studied, by showing according to general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per person.

TABLE 32.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The preceding table shows 23.6 per cent of households paying under $1 rent per month per person, 81 per cent pay under $2, 95.2 per cent under $3, and 99 per cent pay under $4 rent per month per person. Slovaks report a very high percentage of households paying under $1 per month per person and Lithuanians comparatively small proportions paying under this amount. Slovaks also show considerably over 90 per cent of households paying under $2 per month per person, other races showing very much lower proportions. All of the races except the Poles show over 95 per cent paying under $3, this race showing 94 per cent.

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of the wives of the mine workers in supplementing the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home has already been discussed. The extent of this practice and its bearing upon living conditions are considered in the two following tables, the first of which exhibits the number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 33.-Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

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Of the total number of households, 41.3 per cent keep boarders or lodgers. Of the races represented by 20 or more households, the Lithuanians show the highest percentage keeping boarders or lodgers, followed in the order named by Polish, Slovak, and Ruthenian.

In the following table the average number of boarders or lodgers per household is shown according to general nativity and race of head of household. The averages are based (1) on the total number of households and (2) on the number of households taking boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 34.-Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

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The preceding table shows the average number of boarders or lodgers per household to be 108 per 100 households, as based on the total number of households; the average number, when based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, is 261 per 100 households. Foreign-born report a very much higher average number of boarders or lodgers per household than do persons nativeborn of native father. Of the foreign-born races, South Italians report the highest average number of boarders or lodgers when based on the number of households. When computation is based on the total number of households keeping boarders or lodgers, Poles show a considerably higher average number of boarders or lodgers than the other races.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

The range in the size of apartments occupied by the households is indicated in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 35.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The foregoing table shows that 49.2 per cent of the households occupy apartments of four and five rooms. The percentage of households occupying apartments of seven or more rooms is very small and the proportion in apartments of one room is insignificant. Ruthenians show a considerably higher percentage than the other races occupying apartments of two rooms, and also show the highest percentage of households occupying apartments of three rooms, Slovaks showing the highest percentage in apartments of four rooms, and Poles the highest percentage in apartments of five rooms. Lithuanians show a larger proportion of households in apartments of six rooms than the other races, and Slovaks the smallest percentage in apartments of this size. Lithuanians show no households in apartments of seven or more rooms, the other races showing only small proportions.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table exhibits the range in size of households studied by showing, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households of each specified number of

persons:

TABLE 36.-Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The preceding table shows that less than 40 per cent of the total number of households studied have from two to five persons per household, over 50 per cent of households are composed of from six to nine persons, and 10.3 per cent are made up of ten or more persons. Ruthenians show the highest percentage of households composed of from two to five persons and Poles the lowest percentage. Poles report a greater proportion of households composed of nine or more persons.

CONGESTION.

Preceding tables indicate the extent to which crowding prevails in the households of mine workers. The degree of congestion and its effect upon living arrangements is more directly set forth in the following series of tabulations. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 37.-Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

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The preceding table shows that more congested conditions exist in apartments of a small number of rooms than in larger apartments. Apartments of two rooms show 4.22 persons, apartments of three rooms show 5.35 persons, and apartments of four rooms show 6.25 persons per apartment. Apartments of five and six rooms show 7.20 persons and 7.60 persons, respectively. The total average number of persons for all apartments, irrespective of the number of rooms, is 637 persons per 100 apartments. Persons native-born of native father report a much lower average number of persons per apartment than foreign-born. Of the several foreign-born races, Ruthenians show 4.07 persons in apartments of two rooms. races except Lithuanians show over five persons in apartments of three rooms, Poles and Ruthenians show the most crowded conditions in apartments of four rooms, while Poles and Slovaks show the greatest congestion in apartments of five rooms. In apartments of six rooms Ruthenians and Lithuanians show a considerably higher average number of persons than Poles.

All

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room:

TABLE 38.—Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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