(b) Open-pit mines:

1. Company A, operating the largest number of open-pit mines on the Mesabi Range, three of which, from one district, are included in the figures below

321

257

246

70

66

57

22

4

465

The average amount and the range in amount of weekly earnings of the mine workers is exhibited in the table next submitted. It shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over who were earning each specified amount each week:

TABLE 97.—Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The above table shows that 99.9 per cent of male employees who are 18 years of age or over earn $10 or over per week, 79.7 per cent earn $12.50 or over, 37.8 per cent earn $15 or over, 10 per cent earn $17.50 or over, and 3.2 per cent earn $20 or over per week. All foreign-born employees earn $10 or over per week, and 98.9 per cent of employees who are native-born of foreign father earn this amount. Employees who are native-born of foreign father show a somewhat 48296°-VOL 16-11-21

higher per cent earning $12.50 or over and $15 or over per week and a very much higher per cent earning $17.50 or over and $20 or over per week than employees of foreign birth. Over 90 per cent of the Polish and Slovenian employees earn $12.50 or over per week, as contrasted with only 49.4 per cent of the Croatian employees earning this amount. Slightly over 50 per cent of the Slovenian employees and a little over 40 per cent of the Finnish employees earn $15 or over per week, while only 5.8 per cent of the Polish employees earn this amount. The Finnish employees exhibit over 12 per cent earning $17.50 or over per week, as contrasted with less than 2 per cent of employees of other races earning this amount. The Croatian and Finnish employees exhibit less than 1 per cent earning $20 or over per week, no employees of other races earning this amount.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The comparative extent to which the industrial efficiency or earning ability of the several races is increased after designated periods of residence in this country may be studied in the table below, which shows by race and length of residence in the United States the proportion of male employees 18 years of age or over who were earning weekly each specified amount. By grouping the proportions in each period of residence under the several races makes possible a study of the industrial advancement of each race enumerated.

TABLE 98.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated. but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year..

The preceding table shows that all the Finnish and Slovenian employees who are 18 years of age or over and who reported earn $10 or over per week. Both the Slovenian and the Finnish employees who have been in the United States from five to nine years show a higher percentage carning each specified weekly amount up to $15 or over than those with a residence of less than five years or ten years or over. None of the Slovenians who have been in the United States under five years or from five to nine years earn $17.50 per week or over, and none in any period earn $20 or over per week.

No Finnish employees with a residence of under five years or from five to nine years earn $20 a week or over, while a small proportion who have been in this country ten years or over earn the abovementioned amount.

The following table is based upon the same data as the one immediately preceding, but presents it in a different form:

TABLE 99.-Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS.

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The preceding table shows that all foreign-born employees 18 years of age or over earn $10 or over per week, irrespective of the length of time they have been in the United States. Both the Finnish and Slovenian employees who have been in the United States from five to nine years show a higher per cent earning $12.50 or over per week than those with a residence of less than five years. Those with a residence of ten years or over show slightly smaller proportions earning the above amount than those who have been in this country from five to nine years. A considerable gain is shown in each period in the per cent of employees earning $15 or over per week for the Finnish. A considerably higher per cent of the Slovenians who have been in the United States from five to nine years than those with a residence of less than five years earn this amount, while the proportion earning $15 or over per week who have been in the United States ten years or over is smaller than the proportion earning this amount who have a residence of from five to nine years. The Finnish employees who have been in the United States from five to nine years show a considerably higher percentage earning $17.50 or over than those who have been in this country less than five years or ten years or over. The Slovenians show no males who have been in the United States under five years or from five to nine years earning $17.50 or over per

week, while 7 per cent of those who have been in this country ten years or over earn the above amount. Employees who are Finns and who have been in the United States ten years or over show 4.1 per cent earning $20 or over per week, as contrasted with none of this race in the other periods of residence earning the above specified amount. No Slovenians earn $20 or over per week.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

In the series of tables next submitted the annual earnings of male heads and members of households are studied. The first table presented in this connection shows husbands at work and their average annual earnings, according to general nativity and race:

TABLE 100.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

The above table shows that all husbands in this locality for whom information was obtained are at work, with average earnings of $698. The foreign-born report average earnings slightly below the average shown for all husbands, while the native-born of native father, white, report average earnings greater by $326 than the earnings shown in the total. Among the foreign-born, with all husbands at work, the English, with average earnings of $954, show the highest figure, while the Croatians show the lowest average carnings, or $534. Following the English are the Swedes, whose average earnings are $785. These carnings, it will be noted, are considerably greater than the earnings of the Slovaks or Slovenians, and largely in excess of either the Finns or South Italians, in the order named.

The range in yearly earnings of male heads of families in the households studied is shown in the table following, according to general nativity and race of head.

General nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 101.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 458.]

Native-born of native father,

White..

21 $1,024

39

The above table shows that for the 194 male heads of families studied in this locality the average earnings per family amount to $698, the foreign-born reporting average earnings of $659 as compared with $1,024 of the native-born of native father white. Of those earning under each specified amount it will be noted that exactly 50 per cent earn between $600 and $800, 11.9 per cent earn under $400, 77.8 per cent under $800, and 10.3 per cent $1,000 or over, while none earn under $100 and less than 3 per cent under $200 per year. The foreign-born, it will be noted, show a slightly larger proportion earning under $200 and under each higher specified amount than is shown in the total for all male heads of families. On the other hand, the native-born of native father white show 57.1 per cent earning $1,000 or over. Only 19 per cent earn under $800 and less than 5 per cent earn under $600, while none earn under $200. With the exception of 7 per cent of the Finns and 5 per cent of the Croatians, the representatives of none of the other races earn under $200. As between these two races earning under $400 and under $600, the latter shows a considerably larger proportion in each instance than does the former, the proportion of Finns earning under $600 being considerably in excess of that of the Slovenians, who report 21.7 per cent. As between these same races, the representatives of which earn between $600 and $800, it will be noted that the Slovenians show a considerably larger proportion than do the Finns or Croatians. None of the Croatians or Finns, as compared with 4.3 per cent of the Slovenians, earn $1,000 or over per year.