this amount. The employees who are native-born of foreign father show 40.9 per cent in Minnesota and only 27.1 per cent in Michigan earning $15 or over per week. The Croatian, North Italian, and Polish employees in Michigan show a much higher per cent earning $15 or over per week than is shown by employees of the same races in Minnesota, while the Finnish employees in the last-named locality show a higher percentage earning the above-specified amount than the employees of this race in Michigan.

The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age, earning each specified amount per week.

TABLE 25.-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.

*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of the 325 males 14 and under 18 years of age employed in this industry, 58.8 per cent earn $5 or over, 39.7 per cent $7.50 or over, 19.4 per cent $10 or over, and 4 per cent $12.50 or over per week. The entire number of the native-born of foreign father earn $7.50 or over per week, as compared with 69.6 per cent of the foreign-born, 45.8 per cent of the native-born of native father white, and 24.6 per cent of the native-born negroes. The native-born of foreign father also shows the largest proportion earning $12.50 or over per week, the native-born negro showing none.

The table following shows the number of male employees under 14 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by age and general nativity and race.

TABLE 26.-Number of male employees under 14 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by age and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

*

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

Of the 37 males under 14 years of age employed in this industry, 14 earn between $3 and $4, 16 between $4 and $5, 3 between $5 and $6, 3 between $6 and $7, and 1 between $7 and $8 per week. Of the 17 native-born of native father, whites, 2 are 10 years of age and earn between $3 and $4 per week; 2 are 11 years of age and 1 earns between $3 and $4 and the other between $4 and $5 per week. Of the five who are 12 years of age, 1 earns between $7 and $8 and the remainder between $3 and $4 per week, while of the 8 who are 13 years of age 6 earn between $3 and $5 and 2 between $5 and $6. Of the 20 nativeborn of native father, negroes, 3 are 10 years of age and 2 earn between $3 and $4, and 1 between $5 and $6 per week; 1 of the 2 who are 11 years of age earns between $3 and $4 and the other between $4 and $5, while 4 of the 6 who are 12 years of age earn between $4 and $5 and the remainder between $6 and $7. Of the 9 who were 13 years of age 7 earn between $4 and $5, 1 between $3 and $4, and 1 between $6 and $7 per week.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The extent to which industrial efficiency or earning ability of the employees of foreign birth is increased after designated periods of residence in this country is exhibited by the two following tables, the first of which shows, by race and length of residence in the United States the percentage of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week.

By grouping the proportions in the different periods of residence under the several races, a study is possible of the progress made in earning ability by the employees of each race

TABLE 27.—Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

All of the Croatians for whom complete data were secured employed in the iron-ore-mining industry earn $10 or over per week. Of those earning each specified amount from $15 per week the proportion is largest of those who have been in the United States ten years or over-none with a period of residence of less than ten years earning as high as $17.50 per week. As regards those earning $12.50 or over, the proportion is largest of those with a period of residence of less than five years and smallest of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years. The proportion of English earning each specified amount from $15 or over per week is largest of those with a period of residence of ten years or over and smallest of those with a period of residence of less than five years, while the proportion earning $12.50 or over is smallest of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years. Of the Finnish earning $15 or over per week an increase is shown between each period of residence, while of those earning $12.50 or over or $17.50 or over the proportion is largest of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years, and as small or smaller of those with a period of residence of less than five years. Those with a period of residence of ten years or over show a small proportion earning less than $10, those with each other specified period of residence showing 100 per cent earning $10 or over. A larger proportion of the North Italians with a period of residence of

from five to nine years than of those with either a period of residence of less than five years or ten years or over earn each specified amount except $5 or over, $12.50 or over, or $17.50 or over per week. The proportion of South Italians earning each specified amount except $5 or over, increases with period of residence. The proportion of Polish earning $15 or over, $17.50 or over, or $20 or over per week increases with length of residence, while the proportion earning $12.50 or over is largest of those who have been in the United States under five years and smallest of those with a period of residence of ten years or over-none earning below $10. None of the Slovenians earn below $10 and the proportion earning $12.50 or over or $15 or over per week is largest of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years, and smallest, in the first instance, of those with a period of residence of ten years or over, and, in the second instance, of those with a period of residence of less than five years.

In the following table the same data are presented as in the preceding, but in a different form:

TABLE 28.-Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

48296°-vor. 16-11-16

Only 59.9 per cent of the South Italians, as compared with 96.9 per cent of the North Italians, and all of those of each other race, included in the preceding table, who have been in the United States less than five years, earn $10 or over per week. The Polish shows the largest proportion earning $12.50 or over and the English the largest proportion earning $15 or over or $17.50 or over per week, the South Italians showing the smallest proportions earning $12.50 and $15, and the Croatians, Polish, and Slovenians, in addition to the South Italians, show none earning $17.50 or over.

Of those of each race, who have been in the United States from five to nine years, the Slovenian shows the largest and the Italian South the smallest proportion earning $12.50 or over or $15 or over per week, the South Italian showing the smallest proportion earning each specified amount below $12.50 and certain other races showing 100 per cent earning each specified amount below $12.50. The English shows the largest proportion earning $17.50 or over and is the only race showing a proportion earning as high as $20 per week. Of those of each race who have been in the United States ten years or over, the English shows the largest proportion earning each specified amount from $12.50 or over per week, certain races showing 100 per cent earning each specified amount below $12.50. The South Italians show the smallest proportion earning each specified amount from $7.50 or over to $17.50 or over, all of those of each race earning $5 or over and in addition to the South Italians the North Italian and Slovenian showing none earning as high as $20.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The extent to which the heads of the families studied were regularly employed, together with their average annual earnings, is set forth in the table next presented. It shows, by general nativity and race, the proportion of husbands at work in the households studied.

TABLE 29.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.