102 THE CORPORATE INVASION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE Chapter III KRAENZEL, Carl Frederick, The Great Plains in Transition. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1955. McDONALD, Angus. The San Luis Reclamation Bill. New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University, 1966. Rocky Mountain News, Denver, Colorado., September 28, 1967. The American West. March, 1968 issue. Palo Alto, California: American West Publishing Company. U.S.Geological Survey. Potential Ground Water Development in the Northern Part of the Colorado High Plains, 1963. VOGT, William. Road to Survival. New York, N. Y.: William Sloan Associates. Chapter IV Des Moines (Iowa) Register, March 17, 1968, March 20, 1968. Chapter V Charts by National Farmers Union, Washington, D. C. Beef Price Break Costs Producers $2,000,000, 1964. Federal Trade Commission, Docket 7453, Federal Trade Commission in the matter of National Tea Co. Chapter VI Feedstuffs, Magazine of Agribusiness. Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 1, 1968. FREEMAN, Orville L. World Without Hunger. New York, N. Y.: Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers, 1968. HACKER, Andrew (Edited by). The Corporation Take-Over. New York, N. Y.: Harper, 1964. LUNDBERG, Ferdinand. The Rich and the Super Rich. New York, N. Y.: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1968. PALMER, Lane. Bargaining Power: How Much Can Farmers Get? Speech to the Western Farmers Association, February 8, 1968, at Seattle, Washington. BIBLIOGRAPHY Platte Valley (Neb.) Farmer Stockman, July, 1968. 103 Staff Report of the Subcommittee on Domestic Finance, House Committee on Banking and Currency. Commercial Banks and Their Trust Activities: Emerging Influence on the American Economy. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, July 8, 1968. Wallace's Farmer, Des Moines, Iowa, February 24, 1968. Wall Street Journal, New York, N. Y., August 9, 1967, June 27, 1968, July 11, 1968. Chapter VII Congressional Record, Washington, D. C., February 5, 1968 (S868). Prospectus of Arizona-Colorado Land & Cattle Company, New York, N. Y.: W. E. Hutton Co., June 12, 1968. STERN, Philip M. The Great Treasury Raid, New York, N. Y.: Random House. The Owyhee (Idaho) Nugget, August 10, 1968. Washington Post, Washington, D. C., July 7, 1968. Chapter VIII Congressional Record, Washington, D. C., June 20, 1968. STERN, Philip M. The Great Treasury Raid. New York, N. Y.: Random House. Introduction Questions and Answers Contents page 1 2. 3. 4. 1. What is the magnitude of the animal waste problem? 5. 6. What approaches can we take to solve the animal waste problem 14 ...... 17 7. Why have lagoons for oxidation of animals waste not been com- 17 ....... 8. ........ How does airborne ammonia from cattle feedlots affect nearby 18 9. 10. What about swine waste management? What are the problems peculiar to poultry litter disposal? ....... How have Federal Government agencies contributed to minimizing ...... Is cattle manure a potential source of cattle feed? 19 11. 21 12. 27 13. 14. Are there legal restraints on pollution from animal wastes? 28 Selected References 31 i Introduction Livestock and poultry wastes represent enormous tonnages and in recent years are increasingly being concentrated at central locations. Studies indicate that animal wastes amount to more than 1.7 billion tons annually, equivalent to human population of 2 billion. The concern is not with the droppings from grazing animals on pasture land but with feedlot production. For example, reports indicate that today's beef feedlots often have 10,000 to 50,000 animals, poultry operations may range up to 250,000 or more birds, milk-cow populations often exceed 200, and the swine on a single farm may total 1,500 or more. The small diversified family farm is rapidly giving way to large-scale specialized operations. Economies of size tend to encourage livestock producers to enlarge their operations. Population growth continues to exert an upward influence on land value. Thus, many livestock operators feel compelled to carry more animals on less and less land. The need for production efficiency has brought about substitution of housing for land and equipment for labor. The large capital investment requires a high animal density and rapid turnover in order to make the operation profitable. Manure that once was naturally deposited on pastures now must be transported there by men and machines. Yet, two major factors deter livestock producers from routinely handling manure in this manner. First, hog and cattle manures generally cost more to store, load and transport than they return in soil fertility--compared to the cost of commercial mineral fertilizers. In other words, narrow profit margins and high costs of operating livestock establishments will continue to |