opment, while the traits called masculine are marks of full developWomen are more subject than men to the physical disorders creating retardation; more of them, therefore, have remained on a low physical level. The result has been that the traits due to retardation and imperfect development have become regarded as sex traits, instead of evidences of physical inferiority. A race of fully developed women would have the same traits that men have, because they would advance through all the stages of physical progress that their heredity permits. We would have a healthy woman if premature sex excitement could be avoided. This view assumes that the physical traits called feminine are the result of retardation and degeneration, and that the lower physical and mental status of women can be removed by better conditions and the full physical development that would follow. If the facts bear out this position, the improved physical condition of women should create changes in their physical traits, and the new generation of women would show some of the results of the recent improvement that has taken place in their condition.

In the discussion of traits we must look at their physical basis to perceive their real meaning, and so determine whether particular forms of face and bodily development are the outcome of female heredity or of some abnormality in growth. Of this the face is the best index, because the different parts of the face are developed in different stages of child growth, and therefore the presence or lack of certain facial characteristics is a sign of the normality or abnormality of the individual at the time when this growth took place. The central part of the face represents the earliest development; most individuals have this part of their face fairly well developed. The upper face represents the next stage, while the lower face is the last to develop. The head is formed before birth; and so whatever causes retarding facial development must have been in operation before birth. When the upper face is undeveloped it would indicate that the nutriment of the mother was defective. An evidence of this is that we find a low, sloping forehead most prevalent where a defective nutrition is common. The undeveloped lower face, however, has the opposite cause, for we find a weak lower face among the newer races and higher classes, rather than among those who are subjected to great hardships. It is therefore a natural inference that the trouble lies primarily in over-nutrition, which forms

toxins in the system, retarding development. Without making too much of this argument about the presence or absence of nutrition, two things are plain. One is that the lower races have usually a well-developed central and lower face, while the higher races have a well-developed upper and middle face. The normal face in contrast to this is the oval face, which has a broader chin and forehead than that found in the round faced Madonna.

The same contrasts appear in the side view of the face. We have the flat face, which corresponds to the round face as seen from the front view. This type of face indicates a weak character. In contrast to this we have a full center face with a prominent nose and high cheek bones. This indicates complete development, and strong muscular powers. Such men have a strong will, full muscular development, and an ability to endure long and severe hardships. This type of man furnishes the managers, financiers, directors, superintendents, and other leaders of the industrial world.

When we apply these tests to women, we find that most women belong to the first of these groups. They are there, not because of any sex heredity, but because of the retardation and degeneration. that have been coupled with their development. Better health is bringing more women into the second group, and as a result the type of face is correspondingly changed. We thus get the self-reliant woman, the ambitious woman, and the woman with a faith and vision. She will become the dominant type as the general health and intellectual vigor of women increase, and as a result, not merely the physical, but also the intellectual, differences between men and women will diminish.

To make my position clear I shall restate my argument. The form of elimination acting on women through past ages has checked the evolution of her physical and mental traits. The result has been a lowering of her vital powers, a shorter life, and a loss of mental vigor. The so-called feminine traits reflect this depressed condition due to ill health, bad environment, and premature sex maturity. They are a load woman must throw off to regain normality and to start anew the evolutionary process. The woman's movement of recent years reflects the improvement now going on in her physical, as well as in her economic, condition. The static woman of the past is now an elderly lady with reactionary opinions. She may like it or not like it, but from her viewpoint a change is going

on, the effects of which are shown more clearly as each new group of young women comes to maturity. These physical changes can be readily seen on the streets by anyone who cares to observe them. The vigor of young women, their greater height and cheerful look, is everywhere in evidence. It is especially noticeable in the suffrage parades. The women who swing with easy step from one end of Fifth avenue to the other are those of whom any nation might be proud. Should there be an anti-suffrage parade it would be necessary to carry the women in hacks. It is amusing to see the latter pose as mothers when they are so plainly inferior to those in the other camp. Count the children of each group and then the real facts come out, for real mothers are women of muscle and bone, not pale-faced do-nothings.

In the face of this physical uplift men's choices still remain so conventional. The young man of today has Madonna faces on the walls of his room, and he sees them on the cover of every magazine. He spends his time in looking for a girl that fits this false ideal of womanhood, and ends in getting an incapable wife who bears no children, does no work, and is fit for no place but a sanitarium. This choice is creating a serious crisis, for it bringe into wedlock those not fitted for it, and keeps out those whom nature designed for mothers. It is a queer notion of men that the driving, independent girls about them do not make good wives and mothers. They are in reality women of intenser feeling, who would show their loyalty and devotion if men would change their prejudices, and let them function as wives and mothers. They are eager for selfsupport, and often show a disregard for masculine views; not because of any sex antagonism, but merely because they come to sex and mental maturity later than do the "sweet sixteens" men admire. Love at sixteen is a fickle fancy; love at twenty-six, coming as a natural development, is a deep abiding life force. The girl who works and waits is the good wife, because she is ready for her new functions. Her husband is her life; her work is a joy; and her children are her self-expression. Men in the end must see this, and when they do, good-bye to the divorce courts and nervous breakdowns. Health and efficiency create happiness, and it in turn is the basis of true comradeship. Democracy must in the end express itself in the coöperative family, to the support of which all contribute, and out of which come happiness, health, long life, and

vigorous children. To women of this type suffrage is not an argument, but the outcome of their life and vitality. They are love, work, and duty combined. Happy will be the day when men see this and choose helpmates instead of dolls. On this the future of the race depends. Give the new woman a chance and her superiority as a mother will be as marked as in other fields.

POLITICAL EQUALITY FOR WOMEN AND

WOMEN'S WAGES

BY S. P. BRECKINRIDGE,

University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.

An examination of the wage-scales of women workers brings out two striking facts: first, the wage level of a large number of women is conspicuously below the level which would make possible competent and efficient life; second, the wage level of women is conspicuously lower than the wage level of men.

On the first point, reference is made to various sources dealing with women's wages in England, such as the report of the parliamentary committee on home work in 1907,1 the report of the wages boards established under the trade boards act of 1909,2 the reports of the bureau of labor on women and child wage earners,3 the reports of commissions established in several states to consider the creation of minimum wage commissions, and the reports of such minimum wage commissions as have reported determinations, e.g., Massachusetts and Oregon. These sources furnish material relating to many trades employing women and girls in many sections of the country under urban, village and rural conditions.

In support of the second statement reference is made to Sydney Webb's classic study of women's wages made in 1891; to the re

1 Reports of Select Committees of House of Commons on Home Work, 1907, No. 290; 1908, No. 246.

2 Constance Smith, "Working of Trade Board Acts in Great Britain and Ireland," in Journal of Political Economy, vol. xxii, p. 605, July, 1914. 3 Senate Doc. No. 645, 61 Cong., 2 sess.

'Massachusetts, Report of the Commission on Minimum Wage Boards, January, 1912. (House Doc. No. 1697). Boston, 1912. Oregon, Industrial Welfare Commission. Report of the Social Survey Committee of the Consumers' League of Oregon on the wages, hours, and condition of work, and cost and standard of living of woman-wage-earners in Oregon, with special reference to Portland. Portland, 1913, 71 p.

Report of Massachusetts Commission on Minimum Wage Boards, House Doc. (1912) No. 1697. For Oregon see several items in The Survey, covering various groups of employes in Portland, and in the state at large.

Webb, "Alleged Differences in the Wages paid to Men and Women for Similar Work," in Economic Journal, vol. i, p. 635.