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6 sans

4 en n'emploie pas de levain. 5 pains azymes.
8 as are in, qui sont d'. 9 de. 10 in the,
12 arbrisseau, (m.)

3 avec.
levain. 7 de bonne heure.
aux. 11 que l'on cultive.

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wheat, butter from cream, and cheese from 3 milk; that when flour is mingled with yeast it makes light bread, and that when no yeast is used, the bread is heavy. The passover cakes 5 of the Jews, the biscuits eaten by sailors, and the barley bread of Scotland, are all unleavened. Boys ought (217.) at an early age to be acquainted with such things as are in common use; but I have often found it necessary to explain to them that sugar is made from 3 the juice of the sugar cane (343.), which grows in the 10 Indies; that tea is the dried leaf of a shrub which grows 11 in (281.) China; that coffee is the berry of a bush 12 growing † in (281.) Arabia and the 10 West Indies; and that chocolate is manufactured (192.) from the seed of the cocoa, a (384.) plant of South America. ‡

In English the present participle often takes the place of the indicative; it must not then be rendered literally, but according to the tense into which it might be turned :

1. I see her dancing on the lawn.
2. I saw two ravens croaking.
3. I heard nothing but the roaring
billows dashing against the rocks.
4. It is the fruit of a shrub growing in
South America.

Je la vois qui danse sur la pelouse. J'aperçus deux corneaux qui croassaient. Je n'entendais que le bruit des vagues qui,se brisaient contre les rochers. C'est le fruit d'un arbrisseau qui croît dans l'Amérique Méridionale.

The article may be said to be always used before the name of a country accompanied by an adjective:—

1. Ces tissus viennent de la Grande-Bretagne.

2. Nous les enverrons à la Nouvelle-Zélande.

3. Ces plantes viennent de l'Amérique Méridionale.

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(IV.) 1 avec. 2 mais qui ignorent.

3 et aux Antilles.

4

aux

Indes Orientales. 5 qui ressemble à (672.). 6 la cannelle. 7 et que le gingembre. 8 de certaines.

(IV.) Many boys know † very well that beer is made (192.) from1 malt and hops (sing.); cider from1 apples; and perry from 1 pears, who do not know2 that wine is the juice of the grape, that brandy is distilled (192.) from wine, and rum from the juice of the sugar-cane (343.). And they are equally ignorant that oranges*, citrons*, and lemons grow in (281.) Spain and the Western Islands3, and spices in the East Indies and other parts; that pepper and cloves are fruits* of shrubs; nutmegs (sing.) the kernels (sing.) of a fruit* (m.) something like a peach; cinnamon the bark of a tree; and ginger and rhubarb (are) the roots of plants. -Boys' Week-day Book.

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10. FREDERICK THE GREAT AND THE SOLDIER.

(VOYEZ "Anecdotes sur Frédéric II, roi de Prusse,” p. 51 du French Class-Book.)

Frederick the Great paid (imp.) so much attention to his regiment of Guards that he knew (imp.) personally every one of his soldiers. Whenever he saw (imp.) a fresh one, he used-to-put the three following questions (f.) to

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For the difference between savoir and connaître, see HAVET'S French Class-Book, p. 175, Nos. 239 and 240.

FRÉDÉRIC LE GRAND ET LE SOLDAT.-1Are you satisfied, &c.? Vous trouvez-vous bien payé et bien traité ? 2 On, en (HAVET'S "French Class-Book," p. 339, No. 823.) 3 dans.

him :-" (1st.) How old are

you?

have you been in my service* (m.)? satisfied with your pay and treatment 1?"

(2d.) How long

(3d.) Are you

It happened (p.d.) that a young Frenchman, who did not understand (imp.) three words of German, enlisted into the Prussian service* (m.), and Frederick, on 2 seeing him, put (p. d.) the usual questions* (f). The soldier had learnt the answers, but only in the order which the king generally followed.

Unfortunately, on 3 this occasion, Frederick began by the second question* (f.), "How long have you been ‡ in my service (m.) ?"-"Twenty-one years," replied the

+ Avoir is generally used in stating how many years old a person or thing is, was, will be, &c. :

1. Quel âge avez-vous ? J'ai 26 ans (the word an must not be left out.) 2. Napoléon avait 30 ans lorsqu'il revint d'Égypte.

3. Ma sœur aînée aura vingt et un ans demain.

1. What age (or How old) are you?—

I am twenty-six.

2. Napoleon was 30 years old when he returned from Egypt.

3. My eldest sister will be twenty-one to-morrow.

The French also say: Je suis âgé de 26 ans. 2. Napoléon était âgé de 30 ans lorsqu'il revint d'Égypte.

The French employ the PRESENT tense to mark a state or action still going on at the time they speak, whereas the English use the compound form of the past tense :

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4 il faut que vous ou moi nous soyons fous (p. 300, No. 654.) 5 according to, &c., selon ce qu'il avait appris. 6 that I ever, &c., que j'aie été traité de fou. garçon. 8 and I have no doubt, &c., et je ne doute point que vous ne fassiez (p. 335, No. 792.) "How old are you,

Frenchman. "What!" said the king. then?"- -"One year," was the reply.-" Upon my word," said Frederick, " you or I must be mad.4"-" Both," replied the soldier, according to what he had been taught.5

-"Well," said the astonished† monarch, "this is the first time that I ever was called a madman 6 by one of my guards: what do you mean by it, sir ?"—The poor fellow, seeing the king enraged, told him, in French, that he did not understand a word of German.-" Oh! is it so?" said Frederick; "well, learn it as soon as possible*, and I have no doubt but you will make a very good soldier."-SADLER'S Versions.

11. FREDERICK THE GREAT AND THE MILLER.

(Vide le Meunier Sans-Souci d'ANDRIEUX.)

FRÉDÉRIC LE GRAND ET LE MEUNIER.-1 Pendant que l'on bâtissait, &c. masquait.

2

While the palace of Sans-Souci ‡ was being built 1, the architect pointed (p. d.) out to the king a mill which destroyed the view from one of the palace apartments.

2

The past participle used adjectively follows the noun in French :

1. Une maison bien bâtie.

2. Un monarque étonné.

1. A well-built house.

2. An astonished monarch.

Le château royal de Sans-Souci est situé à 2 kilomètres de Potsdam (Prusse.). Frédéric y mourut en 1786.

3 ordonna d'amener. 4 was not, &c., ne s'attendait pas à.

The king ordered 3 the proprietor of the mill into his presence, and proposed to (687.) purchase it at the price (which) he should demand. But the miller refused to (687.) sell it to Frederick, whatever † price he would give him. The monarch was not prepared for 4 this obstinate refusal.

"You know well enough," said he to the man, "(that) I could take it away from you without paying (259.)." "That might be," said the miller, "if we had no magistrates at Berlin*."

This daring reply brought Frederick to himself; he smiled to find (that) his subjects confided in his justice* (f.), and he sent the miller away loaded with presents.— TIMBS'S Curiosities of History.

12. THE EMPEROR AND THE OLD WOMAN. L'EMPEREUR ET LA VIEILLE FEMME.-1 Il était suivi de. 2compagnon.

One day the Emperor Napoleon the Third (58.) was taking (245.) a long walk in company of one of his Ministers, on the road from Biarritz to Bayonne, and attended by his faithful and devoted pursuivant 2, the

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+ QUELQUE, meaning "whatever," with que before the following verb in the subjunctive, agrees in gender and number with the

noun:

1. Quelque prix qu'il lui en donnât, 2. Quelques qualités que vous ayez.

1. Whatever price he would give him. 2. Whatever qualifications you may have.

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