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each other specified period of residence. A decrease is shown between the proportion of North Italians with a period of residence of from five to nine years and those with a period of residence of from ten years or over earning each specified amount above $10 a week, except $15 or over.

The next table presents the same data as the preceding one, but in a different form:

TABLE 77.—Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS.

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This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

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Of those of each race, who have been in the United States less than five years, the above table shows that all of the French Canadians and over 98 per cent of those of each other race earn $10 or over per week. The French Canadians show the smallest and the Croatians or North Italians the largest proportion earning $12.50 or over. of the French Canadians and 58.9 per cent of the English earn $15 or over. Less than 5 per cent of those of each race earn as high as $17.50 per week. All of the French Canadians, English, and North Italians, and over 99 per cent of the Croatians and Finns, who have been in the United States from five to nine years, earn $10 or over per week. The English show the largest and the French Canadians the smallest proportion earning $12.50 or over or $15 or over, while the French Canadians show the largest and the Finnish group the

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smallest proportion earning $17.50 or over. None of the French Canadians or English, as compared with 2.2 per cent of the Croatians and less than 1 per cent of the Finns or North Italians, earn as high as $20 per week. Of those of each race who have been in the United States ten years or over the Croatians and Finns are the only ones showing a proportion earning below $7.50. The English show the largest proportion earning each other specified amount and is the only race showing a proportion earning as high as $25. None of the North Italians earn as high as $20 and none of the Croatians earn as high as $17.50 per week. The French Canadians show the smallest proportion earning $12.50 or over and $15 or over per week.

HOURS WORKED PER DAY AND PER WEEK.

At each of the mining establishments studied the hours of work are as follows: There are two shifts, one working a night turn and one a day turn. Each turn is of nine hours, the remaining hours out of the twenty-four (six hours) being spent in idleness. The shifts alternate from week to week. The plants are usually idle half a day on Saturday and all day on Sunday. During the past year the miners of the district have worked on full time and there have been few shut downs.

EMPLOYERS' OPINION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES.

In the opinion of employers interviewed, the Cornishmen and Finns are the most adaptable workmen and are making the best citizens. The Magyars are slowly developing toward good citizenship, while the North Italians are less interested in civic government than any of the other immigrant races employed. It was stated by the employers that the Cornishmen are the most efficient and the most adaptable of the various race groups. The Finns are second in this respect, while the North Italians and Magyars have been found available and efficient for the lower positions requiring a little degree of skill. In this connection it should be noted that the North Italian in this section is held in much greater respect than is the South Italian. There is little or no prejudice against the North Italian.

CHAPTER IV.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Visits abroad-Age classification of employees-[Text Tables 78 to 84 and General Tables 56 to 60].

LITERACY.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male copper-mine employees who could read and the percentage who could read and write:

TABLE 78.-Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of 5,557 male employees, information for whom is contained in the above table, 95.4 per cent can read and 93.7 per cent can both read and write. When compared with the native-born of foreign father, the foreign-born show a slightly smaller proportion of males who can both read and read and write. Of the native-born of foreign father, those whose fathers were born in England and Finland show a pro

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portion of 100 per cent who can both read and write, and no representatives of this group show less than 90 per cent of males who can read and write. Of the foreign-born, the Norwegians show the largest proportion, 100 per cent, who can read and write. Over 90 per cent each of the Canadians other than French, English, Finns, German, Slovenians, North Italians, Magyars, Poles, and Swedes can read. The proportion of each race who can read and write is only a trifle smaller than that for each race who can read. The French Canadians show the smallest proportion who can read and also the smallest proportion who can both read and write.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The percentage of male employees 20 years of age or over who were in each conjugal condition is set forth according to general nativity and race in the table next presented:

TABLE 79.-Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the total number of male employees reported in the above table 59.3 per cent are married and only 1.8 per cent are widowed, leaving 38.9 per cent who are single. The foreign-born show a slightly larger proportion of married and widowed males than do the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born males the Norwegians, with 82.5 per cent married, show the largest proportion in that conjugal condition. The French Canadians show a proportion that is almost as large, and are followed in the order named by the Germans, Canadians other than French, South Italians, and Swedes, of each of which

races more than 70 per cent are married and less than 6 per cent are widowed. The Slovenians, with 51 per cent, report the smallest proportion of married persons. None of the South Italians or Poles and less than 1 per cent each of the North Italians and Slovenians are widowed, but 22.5 per cent of the Irish males are in that condition. The following table divides the totals of the table immediately preceding and shows by age groups and by general nativity and race the percentage of male employees in each conjugal condition:

TABLE 80.-Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Information reported for a total of 5,253 male employees who are 20 years of age or over is contained in the above table. Of that total number 59.3 per cent are married and only 1.8 per cent are widowed, leaving 38.9 per cent who are single. Of the males who are between the ages of 20 and 29, only 31.5 per cent are married and less than per cent are widowed. In this age group slight differences exist between the proportion of the foreign-born and that of the nativeborn of foreign father who are married or who are single. The native-born of native father, whites, show only 29 per cent to be married and none who are widowed. Of the foreign-born males in this specific period of age, the French Canadians, closely followed by the Swedes, show the largest, and the English the smallest proportion of married males. Of the males whose age is between 30 and

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