TABLE 58.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household,

In the 525 households studied in this industry the average number of persons per sleeping room is 2.41. Households, the heads of which are foreign-born, report 2.45 persons per sleeping room as compared with 2.10 and 1.86 for households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father and native-born of native father, white, respectively. Among households, the heads of which are foreign-born, the Magyar households, with 3.16, show the highest average number of persons per sleeping room. This average is slightly in excess of that shown for the Croatian, considerably higher than that shown for the Slovak, Ruthenian, South Italian, or Polish, and much higher than that shown for the Irish, English, Lithuanian, or German households, the lastnamed reporting an average of 2.04 persons per sleeping room. Among households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room, it will be noted that 81.1 per cent have 2 or more, 33.9 per cent have 3 or more, 9 per cent have 4 or more, 2.5 per cent have 5 or more, and 0.6 per cent have 6 or more persons per sleeping room. Households, the heads of which are foreign-born, show proportions having each specified number of persons that vary only slightly from those shown in the total for all households. Of households, the heads of which are native-born whites of native father, 47.6 per cent have 2 or more and 19 and 4.8 per cent have 3 or more and 4 or more, respectively, but no households have 5 or more or 6 or more persons per sleeping

room.

Among those households whose heads are foreign-born, a slightly larger proportion of Slovak than Polish or Ruthenian, a considerably larger proportion than South Italian, and a much larger proportion than Lithuanian or Irish households have 2 or more persons, the lastnamed reporting 68.8 per cent. Of households having 3 or more

persons per sleeping room, the proportions of Lithuanians and Irish are much smaller than the proportions of households the heads of which are of any other race, the Slovak households, with 48.3 per cent, again showing the largest proportion. No Lithuanian households have 4 or more and no Irish or South Italian households have 6 or more persons per sleeping room. The proportions of Irish and Polish households having 4 or more and 5 or more and the proportion of Polish households having 6 or more are lower than the proportions shown by those households, the heads of which are of any other race. The following table, which is the final of the series, shows according to general nativity and race of head of household, the number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, indicating the effects upon living arrangements of congestion within the households studied:

TABLE 59.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of the total number of households, 34.7 per cent regularly use all except two rooms for sleeping, the greater proportion of households having more than two rooms in which they do not sleep. The proportion of total households sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms reflect very closely the proportion of foreign-born households, since all but 31 are of that type. Only 9.5 per cent of the households of the native-born of native father use all rooms except one to sleep in and a like proportion use all rooms except two. The greater proportion of the Slovaks use either all rooms or all rooms except one to sleep in. The Ruthenians and South Italians in the greater proportion of cases use all rooms except one.

CHAPTER VIII.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Visits abroad-Age classification of employees and members of their households-[Text Tables 60 to 71 and General Tables 36 to 45].

LITERACY.

The series of tables next submitted set forth not only the degree of literacy which prevails among the oil-refining employees at the present time, but also the elements of progress evidenced by the foreign-born employees after their arrival in this country. The table first presented in this connection, which follows, shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the per cent of employees who were able to read and the per cent who were able to both read and write:

TABLE 60.-Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of 6,050 persons reporting, 90.2 per cent are able to read and 88.1 per cent are able to read and write. Comparing the native-born of white native father, native-born of foreign father, and foreign-born, it is seen that the first two groups mentioned show very similar proportions in each branch of literacy, the proportion in each instance being considerably higher than is shown for the foreign-born. All of the females reported in this table are able to read and read and write. The English and Germans, in the order named, show the greatest proportions among the foreign races who can read and read and write, the proportion in each instance being about 98 per cent. The lowest degree of literacy is shown by the South Italians.

The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons 10 years of age or over in the households studied who read and the percentage of those who both read and write:

TABLE 61.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that 83.1 per cent of the 1,884 individuals included could read and 80.7 per cent could both read and write, the proportions for the males being somewhat higher in each class than for females. The more notable fact brought out by this table is that of the great advance in literacy made by the second generation over the foreign-born. While the average for the latter was 74 per cent who could both read and write, and in the case of the South Italians fell to 45.3 per cent, practically all of the second generation were literate, there being only a little over 1 per cent of the women who were native-born of foreign father who could not read and write. The highest degree of literacy among the races is shown by the Irish, and the lowest by the South Italians.

The relation between literacy and length of residence in this country is indicated by the following table, which shows, by years in