TABLE 25.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting.

The total, however, is for all foreign

born.]

The above table shows that 46.4 per cent of the total females reporting were without occupation before coming to the United States of those who were working for wages 7.9 per cent were farm laborers, 10.4 per cent were in domestic service, and 2.2 per cent were in other occupations. Those working without wages, 32.1 per cent, were farm laborers, while the proportion working for profit was very small. South Italians show a very high percentage of females who were without occupation before coming to the United States, 83.9, Lithu anians and Ruthenians show a considerably large proportion who were working for wages as farm laborers, Irish show the highest per cent who were in domestic service before coming to this country, and South Italians no females who were formerly in the domestic

service.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

The table next presented shows by race the percentage of foreignborn male employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States.

TABLE 26.—Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The preceding table shows that of the foreign-born male employees for whom information was secured, 60.8 per cent were employed before coming to the United States in farming or as farm laborers, 12.7 per cent in general labor, 10.2 per cent in hand trades, 5.9 per cent in manufacturing, 1.9 per cent in trade, and 8.5 per cent in occupations not specified. The proportion of individuals who were employed in farming or as farm laborers is largest for the Croatians and Slovaks and smallest for the Germans and South Italians; the proportion employed in general labor is much larger for the South Italians than for the individuals of any other race and is smallest for the Magyars, Croatians, and Slovaks; and the proportion employed in hand trades is much larger for the Germans than for the individuals of any other race and is smallest for the Croatians and Irish.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE

HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In contrast with the preceding tabulation, the series of tables next presented exhibit the industrial condition of immigrant employees and members of their households in this country. The first table submitted shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over.

TABLE 27.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the total number of males 16 years of age or over 84.1 per cent are in oil refining and 12.2 per cent otherwise employed. Oil refining is the occupation most common to every class of males. However, the proportion of native-born of foreign father who are in that industry, 60.4 per cent, is considerably smaller than the proportions of native whites of native father and foreign-born, both of whom show 86.7 per cent. Moreover, of the specified races of foreign birth, the smallest proportion in oil refining is 76.8 per cent of the South Italians. The Croatians show the maximum proportion in that industry, 100 per cent.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the table next presented the general occupation of females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over is shown according to general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 28.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the total number of females 16 years of age or over, 85.8 per cent are at home, 8.8 per cent are employed other than in domestic service or in trade. Females of every class are most commonly at home, the proportion of foreign-born so occupied being 94.3 per cent. Of the native whites born of native father, 69 per cent are at home and 10.3 per cent in trade. Of the native-born of foreign father, 50.5 per cent are at home and 35.2 per cent employed other than in domestic service or in trade.

OCCUPATIONS ENTERED IN THE INDUSTRY.

From a study made of one of the largest companies in the Middle West engaged in oil refining it was found that the following races were engaged in the different occupations pertaining to this industry. The American whites, the English, Irish, Germans, Scotch, Polish, and Magyars are employed in boiler making, which is a highly skilled occupation. The candle molders are American whites, Germans, Irish, Swedish, Swiss, Slovaks, Magyars, Poles, and Croatians. This occupation does not require any great degree of skill. The cleaners are Croatians, Slovaks, and Poles. This work is very dirty and undesirable and only unskilled laborers are employed. The firemen in this industry are American whites, Germans, Scotch, Norwegians, Swedish, Irish, Finnish, Slovaks, Magyars, Croatians, and Poles. The helpers are American whites, English, Welsh, German, Swedish, Irish, Ruthenian, Canadian, Finnish, Magyar, Slovak, Croatian, and

Polish. The two occupations just mentioned require semiskilled labor. The laborers in this industry are American whites, English, Swiss, Germans, Canadians, Irish, Polish, Croatians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Magyars, and Slovenians. This occupation requires unskilled labor entirely. The lead burners, who are skilled laborers, are Germans, English, Finns, and Canadians. The mechanics, who are highly skilled, are American whites, English, Germans, Irish, Danish, French, Swedish, Norwegians, Canadians, Scotch, Bohemians, French-Canadians, Croatians, Poles, Magyars, and Slovenians. The pumpmen, who are skilled laborers, are American whites, English, Germans, Irish, Swedish, and Slovaks. The stillmen are American whites, English, Scotch, Swiss, Irish, Germans, Finns, French, Slovaks, Croatians, Poles, and Slovenians. This occupation also requires skilled labor. The switchers, who are semiskilled laborers, are American whites, Germans, Canadians, Irish, Croatians, and Slovaks. The treaters, who are highly skilled laborers, are American whites, Irish, English, and Germans.

The racial composition in the different occupations were as given above when the company first went into operation a number of years ago and no change has taken place, the same races being employed in the same occupations at the present time.

OCCUPATIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERATIONS COMPARED.

The table which is next submitted compares the tendency of the native-born children of foreign parents with the children of foreign birth to enter the oil-refining industry, and shows, according to general nativity and race of father and birthplace of individual, the per cent of males in the households studied 16 years of age or over who were engaged in oil refining.

TABLE 29.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the oil refining industry, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]

Of the males 16 years of age or over who are native-born whites of native father, 92.9 per cent are engaged in oil refining and 7.1 per cent are otherwise employed. Of the Irish who were born in the United States only 64.9 per cent are engaged in oil refining as contrasted with 92.7 per cent of the Irish who were born abroad who are thus employed. The Irish who were born in the United States show 35.1 per cent as contrasted with only 7.3 per cent of those who were born abroad who are otherwise employed."

DAILY EARNINGS.

As regards the average daily earnings and the range in daily earning ability of employees, the following table shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees who were 18 years of age or over and who were earning each specified amount each day:

TABLE 30.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per day, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

From the data presented it appears that the average daily earnings of the native-born of native father and the native-born of foreign father are considerably larger than the average daily earnings of the foreign-born, and that the earnings of the Germans average higher than the earnings of the individuals of any other foreign race. The proportion of individuals earning $2 or over, $2.50 or over, $3 or over, and $3.50 or over per day, respectively, is larger for the nativeborn of native father and the native-born of foreign father than for the foreign-born and larger for the Germans than for the individuals of any other foreign race. In the columns representing the higher rates the differences in earnings referred to are particularly marked.

WEEKLY EARNINGS.

As regards the average weekly earnings and the range in weekly earning ability of employees, the table following shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees who were 18 years of age or over and who were earning each specified amount each week.