Of 6,123 employees for whom information was secured in this industry, 6,083 are males and 40 are females. Of the total number shown in the foregoing table, 66.7 per cent are of foreign birth, 21.5 per cent of the employees are native-born of foreign father, 11.1 per cent are native-born whites of native father, and 0.7 per cent are nativeborn negroes of native father. Of the native-born of foreign father, those whose fathers were born in Ireland show 9.6 per cent and the employees whose fathers were born in Germany 6.4 per cent, while none of the employees whose fathers were born in other specified countries show over 2 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured. Of the female employees, 42.5 per cent of the total number shown in the table are of German parentage. Of the employees of foreign birth, the Irish show 13.6 per cent, the Poles 16.8 per cent, and the Slovaks 12.4 per cent; the Germans show 5 per cent, while no employees of other specified races show over 3 per cent of the total number for whom information is secured. Polish females and the Slovak females show 15 per cent and 7.5 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured, while no females of any other foreign-born races are shown to have furnished information in the foregoing table.

The

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-Occupations entered in the industry-Occupations of the first and second generations compared-Daily earnings Weekly earnings Relation between period of residence and earning ability-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives in keeping boarders or lodgers-Sources of family income-Relative importance of the different sources of family income-[Text Tables 22 to 44 and General Tables 6 to 18.]

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In order that a comparison may be made of the condition of the immigrant employees in the oil-refining industry in this country with that while abroad, it is necessary to point out their general industrial status and the principal occupations followed by them before emigrating from their native countries. This is done in the following series of tables, the first of which shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreignborn males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.

TABLE 22.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

Of 714 males reporting, 1.7 per cent were without occupation before coming to the United States, 49.9 per cent worked for wages, 34.5 per cent worked without wages, and 14 per cent worked for profit before coming to this country. South Italians show the highest percentage and Croatians the lowest percentage working for wages and Ruthenians the highest percentage and South Italians the lowest percentage working without wages before coming to the United States. Croatians show a large proportion working for profit when contrasted with the other races, while Ruthenians show a comparatively small percentage working for profit before coming to this country.

The occupations before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival, is shown in the following table according to race of individual.

TABLE 23.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born]

The above table shows that of the males working for wages the greatest proportion were farm laborers before coming to the United States, the next highest per cent were in other occupations, while the per cent who were engaged in oil refining before coming to this country was extremely low. The greatest proportion who were working without wages were farm laborers and the highest per cent who were working for profit were farmers. Only one race, the Polish, shows any males who have had previous experience in the oil-refining industry, the greatest proportion of all races having been farm laborers.

The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.

TABLE 24-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

Of the foreign-born females for whom information was obtained, 46.4 per cent were without occupation abroad, 20.5 per cent worked for wages, 32.1 per cent without wages, and 1 per cent for profit. None of the Irish, Lithuanians, or Slovaks, and only a very small proportion of the females of the other races, worked for profit, and no South Italians worked without wages before coming to the United States. While the Ruthenians, with 8.5 per cent, show by far the smallest proportion without occupation, they report a considerably larger proportion than any other race, working without wages. On the other hand, the South Italians, none of whom worked without wages, show a considerably larger proportion without occupation than do the Irish or Poles, and a much larger proportion than do the Lithuanians or Slovaks-the last named reporting 21.1 per cent without occupation abroad. Of those working for wages, the Lithuanians show the largest proportion, or 34.6 per cent. Following the Lithuanians are the Slovaks, who show a slightly larger proportion than do the Ruthenians, Irish, or Poles, and a considerably larger proportion than do the South Italians. The proportion of Slovaks working without wages, it will be noted, while only slightly below that of the Ruthenians, is considerably in excess of the proportion shown by any other race-the Irish reporting the smallest proportion, or 11.1 per cent.

The table following analyzes the preceding table into the principal occupations followed by foreign-born females, in the households studied, before coming to the United States, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country. The presentation is by race of individual.

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