gone into the trades. Counting the Norwegians and Danes with the Swedes there are possibly 1,000 Scandinavians in Bayonne. There are considerably more Norwegians than Danes, but not enough of either to form an important factor in the industrial situation of the city.

Reference has already been made to the circumstances incident to the Slovak influx to Bayonne. It is asserted by members of this race that the first Slovak immigrants who settled in this community came in 1879. During 1880-1885, the Slovaks and Ruthenians arrived in great numbers. In 1884-85, the largest oil-refining company in Bayonne had employed Irish, Germans, and Americans almost exclusively. But with the merger of this and smaller refineries into one company, with the resultant expansion of the industry, it was found necessary to employ workmen of other races. Again in 1883 in order to break the strike among its Irish and American coopers who were making barrels largely by hand, this company greatly enlarged and reequipped its barrel factory and introduced great numbers of Slovaks, Ruthenians, and Poles to take the place of the striking coopers. In this way these races gained a foothold. As is generally true among them, once established they have increased their ranks through a continuous process of writing to their friends and relatives in the old countries. It is also alleged that during the coal dock strike of 1887 many Magyars were brought in to take the place of the strikers.

During the boiler-makers' strike of 1904 at a Bayonne refinery quite a number of these Slovaks and Ruthenians secured work along with the large number of Poles who were employed at that time. Not a great many Slovaks have come in during the past two years owing to the general business depression. At present, they, with the Poles, have practically monopolized the work in the barrel factories, some of them having become expert as headers, coopers, and testers. Due to training received consequent to the strike of 1904, many of them are also now employed as boiler makers and some are employed as automatic-machine operators in the boiler manufactories. Throughout the oil refineries they are doing the rough, unskilled work. In the Hook district at least 40 per cent of the property is owned by the Slavic races, and they have built up a thriving business section in this locality. Most of the Lithuanians have immigrated to Bayonne during the last sixteen years. General industrial opportunities may be assigned as the main cause of their coming.

For only two years have they had a separate church, never having previously reached sufficient numbers. Their employment to-day in unskilled and semiskilled occupations is very similar to that of the Poles, with whom they have been largely identified. The Magyars, Bohemians, and Croatians are few in number, and lose their identity in the general term "Slavs" applied to the Slavic races indiscriminately, with the exception of Poles.

Polish immigration to Bayonne did not begin until after the Slovaks and Ruthenians had become fairly well established, but their earliest period of considerable influx follows closely the greatest period of the Slovak immigration from 1880-1885, during the expansion in the oilrefining industry. In 1885 an oil refinery brought in some Poles for work in its Bayonne barrel factory, then being enlarged and reequiped. When a tubular-boiler company moved its plant from Elizabethport

to Bayonne in 1901, a policy of employing Poles and other Slavic races was inaugurated simply because they were available and made satisfactory laborers. In 1904, during the boiler-makers' strike, it is said Poles were brought in large numbers as strike breakers. A year previously considerable numbers of Poles had been employed as strike breakers in a case and can factory at Bayonne. The greater percentage of the Poles, however, have come in since 1890, chiefly during the last ten years. A Polish priest who came to Bayonne in 1900 asserts that there were 200 families here at that time. It is estimated that there are now 900 Polish families in Bayonne, a number almost equaling the aggregate of the Slovaks, Ruthenians, and Lithuanians combined. At present the Poles are engaged in rough and semiskilled labor in the various departments of the oil refineries, such as the barrel factories, case and can factories, and stills, and quite extensively in the other industries of the city. Approximately 40 per cent of the Poles in Bayonne are from Russian Poland, 50 per cent from Galicia, and 10 per cent from the German province.

The greater number of the Italians in Bayonne have arrived during the last six or seven years. An Italian priest who came to Bayonne in 1902 estimates that there were about 700 Italians there then, about 100 of whom were employed in the oil refineries, and the remainder at ditching and street work. In a census taken by this priest in 1907 he accounts for a total population of 2,023, and estimates that there are at least 4,000 in the city now, inasmuch as they have been coming in great numbers during the past two years. This estimate is regarded as excessive, however, and has been reduced in the table of population. Although the Slovak and Polish immigration declined during the depression of 1907, the Italians continued to come in increasing numbers, and as a result many were unable to secure employment, while others are employed irregularly. A large number work as street laborers for the city, and approximately 400 are employed in the oil refineries. These are chiefly yard-gang laborers, doing the roughest work, and are employed in the same kind of labor in the other industrial establishments. Of the Italian families about 500 are estimated to be from Sicily, 40 or 50 from northern Italy, and the remainder from provinces of south Italy, other than Sicily.

Following closely after the Italians came the Hebrews. The first Hebrew family in Bayonne came about thirty years ago. The greatest influx has been during the past five or six years. In such numbers have they come that now, after the Irish, they constitute the largest element in the foreign population of Bayonne. These Hebrews are largely the overflow from New York. Rarely have they come directly to Bayonne from the old country, as is the case with the Slavonic races. Conditions in New York, such as the reconstruction of tenements in the metropolitan Ghetto, have caused them to move into the neighboring towns. In this way many have drifted into this community. With the Hebrew it has been conditions elsewhere that have led him to come to Bayonne; with the other newcomers, it has been local industrial conditions that have brought them. The greater number of Hebrew wage-earners are employed in the clothing industry, but a considerable percentage are carpenters, and they have formed a separate Jewish Carpenters' Union. Some

are employed as brick masons, painters, and paper hangers. They are also extensively engaged in small business enterprises. The Russian Polish Hebrew forms 75 per cent of the total Hebrew population. Next in order of numbers are the Hungarian, Galician, and Roumanian Hebrews, with a few from Germany and Lithuania.

In conclusion, it appears that most of the Irish, the first to come, have been in Bayonne twenty-five or thirty years or longer. The German immigration has been fairly well distributed through the past thirty years, while fully 75 per cent of the Swedes have been in the city twenty-five years. None of these races are now coming to a great extent. The Slovaks and Ruthenians, for the most part, have arrived during the past twenty years, although not many have come in the last ten years. The Lithuanians have all come in the last sixteen years, while the greater percentage of the Poles have arrived during the past ten years. Over one-half the Italians and Hebrews have been in the city under six years. Decidedly the most active immigration at present is among the Italians and Hebrews. The Irish, Swedes, and Germans, having been gradually eliminated from the ranks of common labor, are largely engaged in the more skilled occupations, such as still men, foremen, and mechanics in the oil plants, and as machinists, carpenters, masons, and painters in the other industries or independently, and in business as saloon keepers, tailors, or butchers. The Slovaks, Ruthenians, Poles, and Lithuanians have gained a foothold in the semiskilled occupations, such as helpers and machine operators. Some of them have become testers, coopers, headers, and even foremen, but they are for the most part employed as unskilled laborers. The Italians are either doing street work, such as ditching, or are engaged in the roughest unskilled yard work around the plants. The Hebrews are tradesmen or independent mechanics.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

The character of recent and past immigration to the industry may be clearly seen from the following series of tables, which show the period of residence in this country of employees and members of their households. Length of residence in the United States and period of employment in the refineries are not necessarily identical, but they closely approximate each other. The first set of tables submitted show, by sex and race, the number and per cent of foreign-born employees in Whiting, Ind., who had been in the United States each specified number of years.

TABLE 12.-Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified num. ber of years, by sex and race, Whiting, Ind.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad.]

TABLE 13.-Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number of years, by sex and race, Whiting, Ind.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of 903 persons, 894 were males and 9 females. Of the total number, 19.3 per cent are reported as having been in the United States under five years; 27.7 per cent have been here from five to nine years; 11.5 per cent from ten to fourteen years; 14.8 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years, and 26.7 per cent twenty years or over. The Poles, Slovaks, and Croatians are the more recent immigrants, the larger proportion of whom have been here under ten years, while on the other hand, by far the greater proportion of the Germans have resided in the country over ten years, and 78.4 per cent of them have been here twenty years or over.

The tables following show, by race, the number and percentage of foreign-born male employees of the Bayonne, N. J., refineries who had been in the United States each specified number of years.