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The relative participation of the various races in the local business life is shown in the following table:

TABLE 63.-Number and per cent of foreign-born males engaged in each specified business in Community A, by race of individual.

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The kinds of stores grouped under the general heads in the above table are shown in the following outline:

In the foregoing table it is shown that the Americans and the fully assimilated earlier immigrants-represented by the first nine races named-own only 246, or about 46 per cent, of the total number of business houses in Community A. The capital invested by this class exceeds considerably the total investment of the more recent immigrants.

The following table, by races, of the directors of the four local banks (three national banks and one trust company) represents very nearly (except as regards the Lithuanians and Poles) the relative financial strength of the different peoples in the community.

TABLE 64.-Bank directors for whom information was secured, by race.

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English-speaking immigrants, together with the Germans and Hebrews, form 70 per cent of the total members of bank directors in Shenandoah, as set forth in the above table. On the other hand, the cashier of one of the largest banks stated that 31 per cent of their total deposits belonged to the recent immigrants.

The recent immigrants own the larger number of stores in the town, but most of them are small, such as saloons, bake shops, and small groceries, which do not require a large capital. About 77 per cent of the saloons are owned by the races from southeastern Europe. A saloon license costs, including lawyers' fees and all, about $265. With a few hundred dollars more a man of known enterprise and stability can obtain loans from the brewery company or from friends sufficient to enable him to embark in business for himself.

The following statement shows the percentage of the total population which each race constitutes, together with the percentage of those in business, and the percentage of families of each race engaged in some form of business enterprise in the community:

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While in general the business methods of the immigrants are much the same as those of the natives, there is evidence that the credit of the community as a whole has suffered from the trickiness and sharp practices of some of the foreign merchants. Traveling salesmen state that it is seldom that credit is given immigrant business men in Community A, and that it is well to count all money transferred twice and to give scrupulous attention to all contracts entered into with them.

The representative of a Pottsville packing house stated that his house required cash every week for fresh goods and only allows a slightly longer time on smoked goods. Some local houses he will not sell until he has the cash in his hands. His experience has taught him to give no credit to Hebrews or Italians. Of the local races, he

rates the commercial honesty of the Polish as higher than that of the others, although he has not a very high opinion of any of them. The testimony from several other reliable sources indicates that Community A has a bad reputation among wholesale dealers on the score of collections.

The percentage of the business men in Community A whose former principal occupations were about the coal mines the average period spent in the previous occupations by each race before entering business and the present average age of business men of each race are shown in the following statement:

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As a general rule the immigrant business men select the few employees they have from their respective races, from which also comes the bulk of their patronage.

The weakness of the immigrant merchants consists in the large amount of credit they allow their customers. The saloon keepers, for instance, give credit constantly to the miners who on their way home from the mines in their dirty clothes stop in for their daily glasses of beer and whisky. The miners carry no change and if they had to go home first it is not certain that they would come back for the beer, so the saloon keepers allow them to drink on "tick" until the biweekly pay day comes.

The saloon keepers, however, have to pay cash for their daily purchase of beer unless they happen to be stockholders or friends of the brewing company. Even then they are obliged to pay weekly.

One of the largest Lithuanian general storekeepers states that he gives very little credit and that he generally discounts his own bills. When a customer wants a pass book, so that children may be sent for goods, he demands a deposit of $5 or $10, against which they are allowed to trade and perhaps run slightly over. Generally, however, he says he does not conduct a pass-book business and prefers to operate on a cash basis.

There is no local chamber of commerce or other business men's association, so that as between the old and the more recent races contact is limited usually to just the requirements of business transactions. On the other hand, there are old and esteemed men of wealth and standing in all of the races who meet constantly in politics in the directors' room or sometimes socially. But their position depends largely upon the influence they are able to exert over their respective peoples.

As between 60 and 70 per cent of the population of Community A is of immigrant extraction it may be safely said that the immigrant business men are well esteemed by the greater part of its citizens.

They do not stand so well with the older inhabitants, from which most of the local leadership comes and who are now in the minority. There are, however, prominent individuals in each class who stand on a parity with the leading men of the other.

IMMIGRANTS IN THE PROFESSIONS.

There are only a few of the recent immigrants in Shenandoah engaged in the professions. Of the 19 practicing physicians in the community, 17 are of the English-speaking races. The other two are foreign-born Poles; one educated in this country and the other abroad.

The 18 attorneys in the town all come from families of Irish, English, and German descent. A Lithuanian merchant has a son who is practicing law in Waterbury, Conn.

There are 12 licensed pharmacists, all of English-speaking races, except one foreign-born Lithuanian and one foreign-born Russian Hebrew.

Among the Lithuanians there are two professional journalists, one editing a Lithuanian socialist organ and the other, a woman, editing a Lithuanian church paper. Both were born and educated abroad. The clergy includes four priests-one Lithuanian, two Poles, and one Ruthenian-but they can hardly be considered as representatives of the locality since they were educated abroad and have been stationed in the community by church authorities.

Of the 5 dentists in the community 3 are Irish, 1 is of German descent, and the other is English and Welsh. Two Irish youths are studying dentistry, but none of the more foreign races have as yet attempted to enter the profession.

Among the recent immigrant races there are from 30 to 50 old women who illegally and quietly practice midwifery. They report no births, and the regular physicians come upon their tracks only when something goes wrong with the case. Some of the physicians now refuse to answer night calls in obstetrical cases among the immigrants, because of the probability that the case has already been spoiled by the unclean and clumsy midwife who is invariably called first. The regular physicians are only called in when the case is in extremis, and if the woman dies they are frequently blamed for her death.

The second generation of the local immigrant races have not, up to the present, supplied any recruits for the professional class, but there are several in training for this distinction. One young Lithuanian is studying medicine in Philadelphia, and two Poles are preparing for the same career-one in Washington and Jefferson University and the other in the Baltimore Medical Institute. A Lithuanian is studying law at the University of Pennsylvania, while a Pole is taking post-graduate work there in the same subject. A Lithuanian and a Ruthenian are studying civil engineering at Cornell University. One Lithuanian is studying pharmacy at Philadelphia, while three other boys of that race are apprenticed to local druggists preliminary to a course in a regular pharmacal school. Three Polish youths are studying for the priesthood at Detroit, Mich.

All of these young men are of humble origin, their fathers being, either at present or formerly, of the laboring class.

The immigrant professional men are so inconspicuous in the community from the standpoint of numbers that it is difficult to arrive at their relative standing. The two Polish physicians enjoy comfortable practices, but their clientele is found wholly within the immigrant races. The one Lithuanian pharmacist has a large drug store, well located, and he draws his patrons from the English-speaking as well as from the immigrant races. The Lithuanian church paper in the community has been published for six years under its present manager and editor. It has been financially successful, and is considered influential in its own denomination.

CITIZENSHIP.

The relative tendency toward naturalization of the races from southeastern Europe may be gained from the following table, which is based upon estimates made by the ward assessors and prominent race leaders in Community A.

TABLE 65.-Present political condition of foreign-born males 21 years of age or over, by race of individual.

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The rank of the immigrant races from southeastern Europe in regard to the tendency toward citizenship is as follows: (1) Lithuanians; (2) Slovaks; (3) Ruthenians; (4) Polish; (5) Syrians; (6) Italians, South.

The prominent position of the Ruthenians in respect to citizenship is partly due to the activity of their priests and leaders. On the other hand, there is evidence of a pronounced tendency among them to return to the old country. The Lithuanian priests have promoted the naturalization of their parishioners by providing pamphlets containing the United States Constitution in parallel columns of English and Little Russian, with explanatory notes. Through the efforts of their spiritual leaders many of them have been able to pass creditable examinations before the judges.

Another source of information relative to the tendency toward naturalization of the various races may be obtained from the table next presented, which shows, by races, the number of second naturalization papers granted by the court of common pleas of Schuylkill County during the period from January 1, 1904, to September 27, 1906. The court files enabled identification of the races with fair accuracy in all cases except those in which the nationality

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