The preceding table shows the average number of persons per apartment to be 6.37, the average number of persons per room to be 1.45, and the average number of persons per sleeping room to be 2.86. Foreign-born groups show a much higher average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room than do those nativeborn of native father. Polish households report a considerably larger average number of persons per apartment than the other races, while Ruthenians show the smallest average number of persons per apartment. Ruthenians show the highest average number of persons per room and South Italians the lowest average. Ruthenians also show the highest average number of persons per sleeping room and South Italians the lowest.

The following table exhibits persons per room according to general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 39.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

per

cent

The above table shows 87.5 per cent of households having one or more persons per room; 26.8 per cent, two or more persons per room; 3.3 cent having three or more persons per room; and 0.7 per having four or more persons per room. Of the foreign-born races, Slovaks show the highest percentage having one or more persons per room, Ruthenians the highest percentage having two or more persons per room, and Polish households the greatest proportion having three or more persons per room. Ruthenians and Slovaks show small proportions of households having four or more persons per room, while Lithuanians and Polish show no households having four or more persons per room. The table further shows the total average of 145 persons per 100 rooms, foreign-born showing 151 persons per 100 rooms, as compared with 57 persons per 100 rooms in households the heads of which are native-born of native father. Ruthenians show the highest average number of persons per room, Slovaks, Poles, Lithuanians, and South Italians following in the order named.

The following table shows the range in the number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household':

TABLE 40.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

The preceding table shows an average number of 286 persons per 100 sleeping rooms, 89 per cent of the total number of households. studied showing two or more persons per sleeping room, 55.4 per cent of households three or more persons per sleeping room, 22.2 per cent four or more persons per sleeping room, 8.8 per cent five or more, and 3.5 per cent six or more persons per sleeping room. The total foreign-born show an average of 291 persons per 100 sleeping rooms as contrasted with 160 persons per 100 sleeping rooms in households of native-born of native father. Among the foreign-born races, Lithuanians show the highest percentage of households having two or more persons per sleeping room, and Poles the lowest percentage. Ruthenians show the highest percentage of households having each other specified number of persons per sleeping room and Lithuanians the lowest. Ruthenians show an average of 304 persons per 100 sleeping rooms and South Italians 224 persons per 100 sleeping

rooms.

The final table of the series, which is next presented, indicates the effect upon living arrangements of congestion within the households studied, by showing, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 41.-Number and per cent of housholds regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

house

The preceding table shows the average number of rooms to be 438 per 100 households, the average number of sleeping rooms being 223 per 100 households. Native-born of native father show a considerably higher number of rooms per household than foreign-born and also a considerably higher average number of sleeping rooms per hold than foreign-born. The totals further show that 2.2 per cent of households use all rooms to sleep in, 25.9 per cent sleep in all except one room, and 35.8 per cent use all except two rooms. Of the foreign-born races, South Italians show the highest average number of rooms per household and Ruthenians the lowest. South Italians also show the highest average number of sleeping rooms per household and Ruthenians the lowest. Poles show the highest percentage of households sleeping in all rooms, while Lithuanians show no households using all rooms for sleeping purposes. Ruthenians show a considerably higher percentage of households using all except one room than the other races and Poles the lowest percentage. Poles show the greatest proportion of households using all except two rooms to sleep in, followed by Lithuanians, Slovaks, and Ruthenians, in the order named.

CHAPTER VI.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Age classification of members of studied [Text Tables 42 to 46 and General Tables 27 to 31].

LITERACY.

households

The general literacy of the persons in households studied is exhibited by the following table. This table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons 10 years of age or over in the households studied who read and the percentage who read and write:

TABLE 42.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Number reporting com-
plete data.

Per cent who read.

Per cent who read and write.

General nativity and race of individual.

Native-born of native father,
White..

Native-born of foreign

Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total.

23

22

father, by race of father:

Lithuanian.

42

Slovak...

100.0 100.0 100.0

Lithuanian.

The above table shows that 70.5 per cent of persons reporting can read and 59.9 per cent can both read and write. The percentage of males who can read and who can both read and write is slightly higher in each instance than that of females. Persons native-born of native father report that all of their number can read and write, native-born of foreign father show slightly smaller proportions, while foreign-born show a very much lower percentage than either of the first two mentioned. Of the race groups native-born of for

eign father, Ruthenians and Slovaks show 100 per cent of their number as able to read and write, Lithuanians and Poles, in the order named, showing somewhat smaller percentages. It should be noted that the Poles show a higher percentage of females than of males who can read and who can both read and write. Of the foreignborn races, Ruthenians and Slovaks show the greatest degree of literacy, while Lithuanians show a high percentage of illiterates. While 52 per cent of South Italian males are able to read and 50 per cent are able to read and write, only 5 per cent of the females show the same ability.

The degree of literacy prevailing among persons of foreign birth. in the households studied, after designated periods of residence in this country, may be seen from the table next presented. This table shows the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and the percentage who read and write, by race of individual and by years in the United States:

TABLE 43.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The preceding table shows that the greatest degree of literacy exists among persons who have resided in the United States from five to nine years, while the proportion who can read and who can both read and write is greater in the group including persons who have lived in the United States ten years or over than in that showing those with a residence of under five years. Poles, Ruthenians. and Slovaks show a greater proportion of literates than South Italians or Lithuanians, the last named race showing only 6.6 per cent who can both read and write and who have a residence of under five years.

The literacy of the foreign-born persons in the households studied, according to their ages at the time of arriving in the United States, is indicated by the table next presented. This table shows the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years or over who read and the percentage who read and write, by race of individual and by age at time of coming to the United States.