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does not seem to be any relation between years in the United States and the proportion who read or read and write.

The progress made by the younger immigrants, as compared with the older immigrants, is shown by the following table. This table indicates, according to age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual, the percentage of persons 10 years of age or over, in the households studied, who read, and the percentage who read

and write.

TABLE 50.—Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

born.]

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Of the groups of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, who were under 14 when they came to the United States, 97.5 per cent can read; of the group who were 14 or over, 94.1 per cent can read. Similarly the greater proportion able to read and write is in the group who were under 14 at time of coming to this country. This is also characteristic of every specified race, except the Finns. The latter have the greater proportion who are literate in the group who were 14 or over at time of coming. Usually a race shows a relatively small proportion able to read and to read and write in each group, or a relatively large proportion in each group. The Irish, however, have 100 per cent in the under 14 group who read and only 72.7 per cent in the 14 or over group; the latter proportion being the smallest centage shown for any race, except the 71.9 per cent of the Canadian French.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

per

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 20 years of age or over, who were in each conjugal condition.

TABLE 51.-Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the total number of male employees 20 years of age or over 61.7 per cent are married, 36.6 per cent are single, and 1.7 per cent are widowed. The greater proportion of each class of male employees are married, ranging from 56.1 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, to 70.4 per cent of the native whites born of native father. Of the group native-born of foreign father the male employees whose fathers were born in Ireland are the only race of which the greater proportion are reported single. Of the foreign-born the Irish report the smallest proportion single; 66.7 per cent of that race being married and 23.8 per cent widowed. The proportion of widowed among the Irish is not closely approached by any race, the second largest proportion being 4.9 per cent reported by the French Canadians. The greater proportion of every race, it will be noted, is reported married; among the French Canadians and Norwegians it reaches over 80 per

cent.

The table next submitted divides the totals of the one preceding and shows the percentage of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and by general nativity and race.

48296°-VOL 16-11-5

General nativity and

race.

TABLE 52.-Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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717 43.8 55.6 0.6

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390 9.2 90.5 0.3 148 2.7 89.2 8.1 1,255 28.2 70.4 1.4

070

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192 45.354.7 .0 238 36.6.61,3 2.1 165 40.6 58.8 .6

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61 11.5 88.5 .0 117 13.7 84.6 1.7 78 25.6 73.1 1.3 109 13.8 84.4 1.8 194 3.694.3 2.1 293 11.6 86.7 1.7 520 19.8 78.5 1.7 39 20.5 79.5 .0 217 21.277.4 1.4 51 7.892.2

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145 4.8 89.0 6.2
17 5.9 88.2 5.9
142 4.2 91.5 4.2
119 2.591.6 5.9
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24 4.291.7 4.2|

288 12.8 82.3 4.9 472 37.1 61.7 1.3 806 39.5 58.6 2.0 1,488 44.7 54.0 1.3

124 16.9 78.2 4.8 520 46.5 52.7 .8

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324 19.1 78.7 2.2 715 13.7 85.2 1.1 1,708 15.683.0 1.4

Total native-born.

Total foreign-born..

77 6.5 88.3 5.2 783 42.5 56.1 1.4 225 4.0 88.9 7.1 2,041 33.7 65.0 1.4 699 4.4 88.6 7.0 4,495 37.9 60.2 1.9

Of 6,536 males employed in this industry, 61.7 per cent are married; 36.6 per cent are single, and 1.7 per cent widowed. The nativeborn of native father show a larger proportion than the foreign-born, who in turn show a larger proportion than the native born of foreign father, who are married. The position of the nativity groups is reversed as regards those who are single, as the proportion of each group who are widowed is approximately the same. A comparison between the age groups shows that the proportion of single persons decreases, and the proportion of married persons, as well as the proportion who are widowed, increases with age. This is true also of each nativity group except the native-born of native father, which varies only in that a slightly larger proportion of those who are from 30 to 40 years of age, than of those who are 45 years of age or over, are married. The same remarks apply to each foreign-born race except the Croatian and Magyar, which vary in the same respect as does the native-born of native father.

In the table next presented the percentage of persons in the households studied in each conjugal condition is shown by sex, age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 53.-Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of 1,251 persons 20 years of age or over included in the foregoing table, 79.5 per cent are married, 18.5 per cent single, and 2 per cent widowed. The foreign-born show a decidedly larger proportion. married than single, while the reverse is true in regard to the nativeborn of foreign father-less than 5 per cent of either being widowed.

Of the foreign-born races, the proportion of each who are married ranges from 96 per cent of the Croatian to 69.1 per cent of the English. The same races reversed show the largest and smallest proportion who are single. A comparison between the total within each age group shows that a larger proportion of those who are from 30 to 44 years of age than of either of those who are from 20 to 29 years of age or 45 years of age or over are married. The proportion who are single decreases. The English is the only race showing a larger proportion of those who are from 20 to 29 years of age single than married. The proportion of each race who are single decreases and the proportion who are married increases as between the groups from 20 to 29 years of age and the from 30 to 44 years of age groups, while the proportion of each race except the Polish who are married either remains the same or decreases as between the form 30 to 44 years of age and the 45 years of age or over groups. A comparison between the total number of males and females who are 20 years of age or over shows that a larger proportion of the former than the latter are single, and consequently a smaller proportion married, as the proportion who are single is very small. The same comparison applies to each nativity group and each race. Comparing the total number of males and females of each specified age, it is seen that a larger propor tion of the former than of the latter who are from 20 to 29 years of age are single, consequently a smaller proportion married, as the proportion who are widowed is less than 1 per cent of each. Little difference is shown between the proportions of those who are from 30 to 44 years of age and those who are 45 years of age or over.

While a large proportion of the foreign-born male employees were married, it is a significant fact, in connection with their conjugal condition, that a considerable number left their wives abroad upon emigrating to this country. This condition of affairs is disclosed by the following table, which shows, by race of husband, the percentage of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and the percentage who report wife abroad:

TABLE 54.-Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

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