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TABLE 21.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.]

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a For selection of families, see p. 704.

This column includes 4 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."

c This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none."

TABLE 22.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table. For selection of families, see p. 704.]

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This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none."
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The preceding tables show that the percentage of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers decreases as the earnings of husbands become higher; 42.8 per cent of wives whose husbands earn under $400 are employed or keep boarders or lodgers, 41.1 per cent of wives whose husbands earn from $400 to $600 and 30.4 per cent of wives whose husbands earn $600 or over are employed or keep boarders or lodgers. The totals, regardless of the earnings of husbands, show that 40.5 per cent of the wives are employed or keep boarders or lodgers. Of the foreign races Lithuanians show the highest percentage having wives employed or keeping boarders or lodgers, closely followed by Poles, while Ruthenians and Slovaks in the order mentioned show considerably smaller proportions. It should also be noted that a much higher percentage of Ruthenian and Slovak wives are employed or keep boarders or lodgers where the earnings of the husband are $600 or over than where the earnings of husband are from $400 to $600 and under $400.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The sources of family income are indicated, in detail, by the table next presented. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other

sources.

TABLE 23.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Two families excluded which report income as "none."]

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Less than 1 per cent of all families in the foregoing table have an income from the earnings of wife. The principal source of income is the husband-94.1 per cent of all families studied having an income from that source. Boarders and lodgers constitute a source of income for slightly more than 40 per cent of all families. The Lithuanians

show the largest proportion of families having income from earnings of husband. Over 90 per cent of the families of each race derive income from that source. Of the Polish families, 1 per cent derive income from earnings of wife. More of the Lithuanian families derive income from payments of boarders or lodgers than do the families of any other race.

In the following table, in which the sources of family income are again shown in detail, each source specified is exclusive of all other In other words, the proportion of families appearing under each designated source have their entire income from that source:

sources.

TABLE 24.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of

family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. This table excludes 2 families reporting income as "none."]

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The largest proportion of the families studied, 36.2 per cent, have entire income from husband. Husband and boarders or lodgers represent the next largest source of income followed by husband and children. The Slovaks show the largest proportion of families having entire income from husband and the Poles show the smallest proportion of families whose entire income is from that source. The Slovak is the only race that does not show any families having entire income from children and is the only race that shows any families having entire income from boarders or lodgers. Each race shows at least 13 per cent of all families as having entire income from husband and children and more than 14 per cent as having entire income from sources or combination of sources not before specified.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of the total yearly income of the households studied derived from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources:

TABLE 25.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. This table excludes 2 families reporting income as "none."]

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A total of 459 families were selected for study in the foregoing table. For that number of families 69.4 per cent of the total yearly income is derived from earnings of the husband, 17.9 per cent from contributions of children and 9.9 per cent from payments of boarders or lodgers. The percentage of family income that is derived from earnings of wife is less than 0.05 per cent. Of the Slovak families slightly more than 70 per cent of the family income is derived from earnings of husband, while 20.2 per cent of the income is from the contributions of children. The Lithuanians, Poles, and Ruthenians each show between 65 and 70 per cent of their family incomes to be derived from earnings of husband. The Ruthenians show the smallest per cent of income from payments of boarders or lodgers and the largest income from sources not specified.

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CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 26 to 28 and General Table 14].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

The regularity of work offered by the industry, as well as the relative efficiency of the several races and nativity groups, is set forth in the following table, which shows the months worked during the past year by males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and who were employed away from home.

TABLE 26.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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From information secured from 1,011 males it was learned that 9 per cent worked twelve months, 76.1 per cent worked 9 months or over, 96.4 per cent worked six months or over, and 99.3 per cent worked three months or over during the past year. Native-born of foreign father report a higher percentage of males who worked twelve months and nine months or over than do the foreign-born, while foreign-born show a higher percentage who worked six months or over or three months or over than do the native-born of foreign father. Among the native-born of foreign father, the Slovaks show a higher percentage of persons who worked for each specified period of time than is shown by the Poles. Among the foreign-born races the Slo48296°- -VOL 16-11 40

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