The extent to which the heads of families studied were regularly employed, together with their average annual earnings, are set forth in the table next presented. This table shows, by general nativity and race, the proportion of husbands in the households studied who are at work. TABLE 15.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. The preceding table shows 99 per cent of foreign-born husbands at work. Their average earnings are $447 per year, which is slightly less than the total for all employees and very much less than the average earnings of husbands who are native-born whites of native father. Of the foreign races, the table shows all Lithuanian and Slovak husbands at work, Poles and Ruthenians following in the order named. Lithuanians and Poles show that average yearly earnings of husbands are higher than the average earnings of all husbands, while the other races reported in the table show average earnings less than this amount. The range in the yearly earnings of male heads of families is shown, by general nativity and race, in the following table: TABLE 16.—Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 704.J 8 (a) 10 16 17 45 39 10 135 385 420 428 སཙྪཱ 12 (a) (a) | (a) (a) (a) 1 (a) (a) (a) (a)| (a) (a) 1 (a) (a) (4) (a) (a) (a) 17 (a) (a) (a)|(a)| (a) (a) 92 98 106 108 1.8 3.7 20. 2 89.9 97.2 99.1 19 83 91 92 .0 2.2 20.4 89. 2 97.8 98.9 94 96 97 1.0 2.146. 496. 9 99.0 100.0 89 100 100 .0 2.039.0 89.0 100.0 100.0 (a) .7 2.531.3 89.1 97.2 99.1 2 (a) (a) (a) (a)| (a) 10 14 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 447 3 10 135 380 410 414 .7 2.4 32.591.3 98.6 99.5 a Not computed, owing to small number involved. The average earnings per annum of the husbands included in the above table are $457. The foreign-born show a much smaller average rate than do the whites native-born of native father. Of the total number 89.1 per cent earn under $600; 10 per cent earn between $600 and $1,000, leaving 0.9 per cent who earn $1,000 or over. Of the foreign-born the Poles show the highest rate of earnings, 1.1 per cent of that race earning $1,000 or over per year. None of the Ruthenians earn over $1,000, and none of the Slovaks earn over $800. The Lithuanians and the Ruthenians are the only ones who earn under $100 per year, yet for those races the proportions are very small, being less than 2 per cent in each case. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The next table presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of all males 18 years of age or over in the households studied working for wages. TABLE 17.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) General nativity and race of individual. Number working for wages Average and re porting amount. earnings. Under Under Under Under Under Under Under Under $200. $400. $600. $1,000. The above table shows that persons native-born of native father had average yearly earnings of $711 as contrasted with the average yearly earnings of foreign-born, which were $425, and of native-born of foreign father, which were only $369, the average yearly earnings of all employees being $429. The totals show 2.8 per cent earning under $200, 38.7 per cent earning under $400, 93.2 per cent under $600, and 99.6 per cent under $1,000. No persons native-born of foreign father earn as much as $1,000 a year, but the total nativeborn have 3.2 per cent and the total foreign-born 0.2 per cent earning as much as that amount. The native-born of foreign father report the highest percentage earning under $600, closely followed by the foreign-born, while the native-born show considerably smaller proportions. The native-born of foreign father also show the highest per cent (63.6) earning under $400, while the foreign-born, whose per cent is only 38.3, show the lowest. The same order is preserved by those who report earnings under $200. The proportions, however, for each nativity group are very small. Only two of the foreign races, Lithuanians and Poles, show any proportion earning over $1,000 per year. The South Italians show 98 per cent of their number earning under $600, the other races given ranging from the 92.4 per cent of the Slovaks to 95.7 per cent shown by the Ruthenians. South Italians and Ruthenians alone show over 50 per cent earning under $400, and Lithuanians and Poles the highest percentage earning under $200. No South Italians earn under this amount. ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. The contributions of females 18 years of age or over, in the households studied, to the family income are shown in the following table. This table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the number of females 18 years of age or over working for wages: TABLE 18. Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individaul. In the above table information for 4 persons is presented. Of that number 2 foreign-born Lithuanians earn under $200 per year, while 2 native-born persons whose fathers were foreign-born Lithuanians earn between $300 and $400 per year. ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME. The annual income of the families studied, together with the several sources of family income and their relative importance, are indicated by the series of tables next presented. The first table submitted in this connection, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the average amount and range of amount of family income among the families studied. TABLE 19.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Two families are included which report income as "none."] A total of 461 families were selected for study. Of that number nearly 75 per cent have a total yearly income of less than $750. Less than 1 per cent have yearly incomes of more than $1,500. Only 5.2 per cent have a total income of less than $300. The average family income of the total number of families studied is $618 per year. The average income of all of the foreign-born families is $611. Comparing the foreign races, it is seen that the Poles show the largest average family income. The smallest average is shown by the Ruthenians. None of the Ruthenians, and less than 2 per cent of families of each of the other races, have incomes that are in excess of $1,500 per year. WIVES AT WORK. The tendency on the part of wives to engage in occupations outside of the home in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands is indicated by the following table. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the proportion of wives at work: TABLE 20.- Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. The preceding table shows that of the 454 wives but two are at work, one the wife of a foreign-born Lithuanian and one of a foreignborn Pole. RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS. It has been seen that only a very small proportion of the wives in the families studied were regularly employed for wages outside of the home. On the other hand, a considerable proportion of the wives supplemented the earnings of the heads by keeping boarders or lodgers. The extent to which this was done is indicated by the following tables, which show, by yearly earnings of husbands, and by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families in which the wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers. |