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CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees-Racial classification of employees at the present time [Text Tables 165 to 167].

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES.

The following tables show by race the number and percentage of foreign-born male employees who had been in the United States each specified number of years. They indicate the character of immigration to the Alabama iron-ore mines as well as the period of residence of the employees of foreign birth. Although the period of employment in the Alabama mines and the period of residence in the United States are not necessarily identical, they closely approximate each other. The South Italian is the only race appearing in sufficient numbers for the computation of percentages:

TABLE 165.-Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad.]

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TABLE 166.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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It appears from the percentage table that 59 per cent of the foreignborn male employees for whom information was secured have been in the United States under five years, 26 per cent from five to nine years, 3.5 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 3.5 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years, and 8 per cent twenty years of over. The proportion of employees who have been in this country under five years and from five to nine years is larger, and the proportion who have been here from ten to fourteen years, from fifteen to nineteen years, and twenty years or over, respectively, is smaller for the South Italians than for all foreign-born employees.

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

The racial make-up of the operating forces of the mines is exhibited by the table next presented. It shows of a total of 3,652 employees the number who were of each race and nativity group:

TABLE 167.-Male employees of each race for whom information was secured.

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Of the male employees for whom information was secured, 5.6 per cent are foreign-born, 27.3 per cent are white native-born of native father, and 67.1 per cent are negroes native-born of native father. The South Italians and North Italians, in the order mentioned, are the races having the largest representation among the foreign-born.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United StatesWeekly earnings [Text Tables 168 to 172 and General Tables 114 and 115].

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

In order to make an intelligent study of the economic status of the foreign-born iron-ore miners at the present time and to understand the industrial significance of their employment in the iron-ore mines, it is necessary to set forth their industrial condition before their immigration to this country. In this connection the following tables show, by race, the number and the percentage of foreign-born male employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States. The South Italian is the only race appearing in sufficient numbers for the computation of percentages: TABLE 168.-Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States, by race.

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TABLE 169.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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From the data presented in the percentage table it appears that only 6.4 per cent of the foreign-born male employees for whom information was secured were employed in mining before coming to the United States, while 74.4 per cent were employed in farming or farm labor, 9 per cent in general labor, 3.8 per cent in hand trades, 1.3 per cent in manufacturing, 0.6 per cent in trade, and 4.5 per cent in occupations not specified. A somewhat smaller proportion of the South Italians than of all foreign-born males were employed abroad in mining, in general labor, and in occupations not specified, and a somewhat larger proportion were employed in farming or farm labor.

WEEKLY EARNINGS.

The average amount and range in amount of weekly earnings of all employees for whom information was secured is exhibited by the table next presented. It shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of male employees 18 years of age or over who were earning each specified amount per week:

TABLE 170.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

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It appears from the above table that almost all of the male employees 18 years of age or over for whom information was secured earn at least $5 per week, that 89.2 per cent earn $7.50 or over, that 61.8 per cent earn $10 or over, that 13.8 per cent earn $12.50 or over, that 10.9 per cent earn $15 or over that 5.5 per cent earn $17.50 or over, and that only 1.4 per cent earn $20 or over. proportion of employees earning $7.50 or over, $12.50 or over, $15 or over, and $17.50 or over per week, respectively, is largest for the native-born of native father, white, second largest for the nativeborn of native father, negro, and smallest for the foreign-born, the proportion of male employees earning $10 or over per week is larger for the native-born of native father, negro, than for the nativeborn of native father, white, and is smallest for the foreign-born. A smaller proportion of the South Italians than of all foreign-born

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employees are reported as earning $5 or over, $7.50 or over, and $10 or over per week, respectively. None of the South Italian employees earn as much as $12.50 per week.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age who were earning weekly each specified amount:

TABLE 171.-Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. Not computed, owing to small number involved.

From the above table it appears that 52.8 per cent of the foreignborn male employees 14 and under 18 years of age for whom information was secured earn $5 or over per week; that 31 per cent earn $7.50 or over; that 9.9 per cent earn $10 or over; and that only 0.4 per cent earn $12.50 or over. The proportion of employees earning $5 or over and $7.50 or over per week, respectively, is considerably larger for the native-born of native father, white, than for the negroes, native-born of native father, while a larger proportion of the negroes native-born of native father, than of the whites native-born of native father, earn $10 or over per week.

The earnings of children employed in iron-ore mining in Alabama are exhibited in the table following, which shows, by age and general nativity and race, the number of male employees under 14 years of age earning each specified amount per week.

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