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figures closely reflect the proportions of foreign-born families having an income from each specified source, since all but 13 of the total number of families are of that class. Earnings of husband is the most common source of income of each specified race, the smallest proportion having an income from that source being 88 per cent of the Irish. Contributions from the children are a common source of income among the French Canadians, Irish, Polish, and Swedish as compared with the remaining races. Payments of boarders or lodgers is more frequently a source of income of the Magyars than of any other race. However, large proportions of the Croatians, English, and Slovenians also have an income from that source, as compared with the proportion of the total foreign-born group.

The following table also shows the source of family income according to general nativity and race of head of family, but differs from the preceding table in that each specified source is exclusive of all other

sources:

TABLE 30.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

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a For selection of families, see p. 110.

Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of the foreign-born households, 45.5 per cent draw their entire income from the earnings of husbands; 20.8 per cent from husband and children; 15.9 per cent from husband and boarders or lodgers. Among the Croatians, Finns, North Italians, and Norwegians the husband is the most common source of the entire family income, that being a particularly common source among the Finnish. In FrenchCanadian, Irish, Polish, and Swedish households the husband and children are the most frequent source of the entire income. Of the Mag

yar families 76.7 per cent have their entire income from husband and boarders or lodgers. It is also a relatively common source, compared to the total foreign-born group, among the Croatians, English, and Slovenians.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The extent to which the families studied depend upon the designated sources of income is set forth in the table next submitted, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources.

TABLE 31.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

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Of the entire income of the total number of selected families, 73.3 per cent is from the earnings of husband; 16.3 per cent is from the contributions of children; 8.9 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers. These figures closely reflect the composition of the family income of the foreign-born, all but 13 of the selected families being of that class. The families of each specified race draw a greater proportion of their income from the earnings of husband than from any other source, the proportion ranging from 53.9 per cent of the income in Irish families to 87.9 per cent in Finnish families. However, 45.4 per cent of the total income of the Irish is from the contributions of children. The latter is also a relatively large part of the family income of the French Canadians, Poles, and Swedes. Payments of boarders or lodgers, on the other hand, are a relatively important factor of the incomes of the Croatians, English, Magyars, and Slovenians as compared with the remaining races.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 32 and 33 and General Table 19].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

The regularity of employment, as well as the relative industries of the employees of the several races and nativity groups, is exhibited by the table which appears below and which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over.

TABLE 32-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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It appears from the above table that of the males for whom information was secured almost all worked at least six months during the year, that 98.7 per cent worked nine months or over, and that 93.5 per cent worked twelve months. The proportion of males who worked nine months or over and twelve months, respectively, is larger for the native-born of foreign father than for the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born, all the Magyars and Norwegians and a larger

proportion of the Poles and Finns than of the individuals of any other race worked twelve months during the year. The proportion of males who worked nine months or over is smallest for the Croatians and Finns.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The small extent to which the mine workers are members of labor organizations is set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the affiliation with trade unions of males, in the households studied, who were 21 years of age

or over.

As can be seen from the table below, of 635 males 21 years of age or over employed in the copper-mining industry only two are affiliated with labor unions-one Norwegian and one Pole:

TABLE 33.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

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