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Slovak, French Canadian, Magyar, Slovenian, and Croatian heads of families range from $687 to $631 per year. The English, North Italian, and Finnish heads of families show small proportions earning under $400 as contrasted with no heads of families of other races earning under this amount. The Croatian heads of families show the highest percentage earning under $600, while the Swedish heads of families show none of their number earning under $600. The Magyar heads of families report 100 per cent and the Norwegian heads of families only 33.3 per cent earning under $800 per year. The Finnish, North Italian, and Irish heads of families report over 90 per cent, the Swedish heads of families over 80 per cent, and the Norwegian heads of families over 70 per cent earning under $1,000, the heads of families of the other specified races showing 100 per cent earning under the above-mentioned amount per year.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In the table next submitted the average and range of annual earnings of all males in the households studied who were 18 years of age or over are shown by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 25.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

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It appears from the table that 96.7 per cent of the males for whom information was secured earn under $1,000 a year, that 19.7 per cent earn under $600 a year, and that only a very small proportion earn under $400 a year. The proportion of individuals earning under $600 and under $1,000, respectively, is larger for those who were native-born of foreign father than for the foreign-born. The difference in the percentages is particularly noticeable in the case of the males earning under $600. Of the foreign-born of the races for which percentages have been computed the Croatians, French Canadians, and Slovenians have the largest proportions of males earning under $600 a year. All of the French Canadians, Croatians, English, Magyars, Poles, and Slovenians and a considerably larger proportion of the Finns and North Italians than of the Irish, Swedes, and Norwegians earn under $1,000 a year.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

In the series of tabulations which is next presented the average amount and range of annual family income are studied, together with the different sources of family income and their relative importance. The folllowing table, submitted in this connection, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount:

TABLE 26.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. One family is included which reports income as "none."]

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Only four-tenths per cent of the 491 families for which data were secured have a yearly income less than $300, and slightly more than 1 per cent have an income less than $500, while 71.3 per cent have incomes of $750 or more, 31.8 per cent $1,000 or more, and 12 per cent $1,500 or more, and the average yearly income for all families reporting is $991. The English alone report a percentage earning less than $300, and the English, Croatians, Finns, and Norwegians report small proportions earning under $500. Generally speaking, the older immigrant races show much higher proportions earning $750 per year or more than the more recent races, while 50 per cent or more of all races except the Irish, Swedish, and Polish earn under $1,000. More than 75 per cent of all races except the Irish and Swedish earn under $1,500. The last named races are the only ones with an average yearly income of $1,200 or more.

WIVES AT WORK.

In the 491 selected families there were 486 wives. Of the latter number, all but 13 of whom were in the foreign-born class, none were at work.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

Although a considerable proportion of the wives of the families, the heads of which were connected with the copper industry, as well as other female members of the families, seek regular employment outside the home as a means of contributing to the family support, a much larger proportion of the wives add to the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into the home. The extent to which the wives of the families find it necessary to supplement, in this way, the earnings of their husbands is set forth in the tables following, which show the number and percentage of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, according to yearly earnings and general nativity and race of head of family.

TABLE 27.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

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TABLE 28-Number and per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[For selection of families, see p. 110. Of the selection of families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.]

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Of 477 families selected for study, 18.4 per cent of the wives are employed or keep boarders or lodgers. In families, the heads of which are foreign-born, 18.8 per cent of the wives are employed or keep boarders or lodgers. Families the heads of which are Magyars, show 83.3 per cent having wives employed or keeping boarders or lodgers. Families the heads of which are English or Slovenians, show 50 per cent or over and families the heads of which are Croatians over 40 per cent in which the wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers. Families whose heads are North Italian, Poles, French Canadians, or Finns, show small proportions when compared with other races enumerated above, and Irish, Norwegian, and Swedish families having no wives employed or keeping boarders or lodgers.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The two tables next presented exhibit the sources of family income in detail. The first of these submitted shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families who had an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources. The past year referred to in the table means the twelve months immediately preceding the collection of the data.

TABLE 29.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races, One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]

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Of the total 490 selected families, 98.4 per cent had an income within the year from the earnings of the husband; 25.9 per cent had an income from the contributions of the children, 18.4 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers; 14.9 per cent from other sources; and none had an income from the earnings of wife. These

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