siderably larger proportion who read and who both read and write than do the latter. The lowest proportion of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to this country, who read and both read and write, is shown by the Croatians, while the Slovenians, who were of this age at time of coming, show a slightly smaller proportion who can read and a slightly larger proportion who can read and write than do the Finns.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The conjugal condition of the mine workers is set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over who were in each conjugal condition:

TABLE 127.-Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that of 1,629 male employees reporting 49.8 per cent are married and 1.3 per cent are widowed; males of foreign birth show 51.1 per cent married and 1.3 per cent widowed, as contrasted with 46.3 per cent of males who are native-born whites of native father who are married and none of whom are widowed, while 31.5 per cent of employees who were native-born of foreign father are married and 2.2 per cent are widowed. Of employees who were foreign-born, the South Italians show the highest per cent, married, followed by the Slovaks, English, Poles, and Croatians, all showing over 50 per cent of males who are married, while the Finns, Slovenians, North Italians, and Montenegrins, in the order named, show less than 50 per cent of employees who are married. The English show the highest per cent of employees who are widowed, followed by the North Italians, Slovaks, and Poles in much smaller proportions, while the Croatians and Finns show less than 1 per cent and the South Italians, Montenegrins, and Slovenians no persons widowed.

The table next presented analyzes the totals of the one immediately preceding, and shows, by age groups and by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees who were in each conjugal condition.

TABLE 128.-Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of 1,629 male employees from whom information was secured, 49.8 per cent are married and 1.3 per cent are widowed. In the group of employees who are from 20 to 29 years of age, 30.1 per cent are married and 1 per cent are widowed. Of those 30 to 44 years of age, 77.8 per cent are married and 1.2 per cent are widowed, while of employees 45 years of age or over, 73.8 per cent are married and 10.7 per cent are widowed. In each age group employees of foreign birth show slightly higher per cent married than is shown in the totals for all employees. Employees who were foreign-born show a considerably higher percentage of married persons in each age group than employees who were native-born of foreign father. The latter, however, show a small proportion widowed in the group of males from 20 to 29 years of age, as contrasted with no employees of foreign birth who are widowed. In the groups of males from 30 to 44 years of age and 45 years of age or over employees who were foreign-born show the highest per cent widowed, employees who were native-born of foreign father showing no persons widowed who are from 30 to 44 years of age.

Of employees of foreign birth the Finns show the highest percentage married in the group from 20 to 29 years of age and the North Italians the smallest percentage married; in this group no males are widowed. In the group including males from 30 to 44 years of age, the Croatians show 88 per cent married and the Slovenians, North Italians, and Finnish over 75 per cent married; the North Italians show 9.5 per cent widowed as contrasted with less than 1 per cent

of Finns and no Croatians or Slovenians who are widowed. Of employees 45 years of age or over, the Slovenians show 100 per cent married and the Croatians, Finns, and North italians from 90 to 90.9 per cent married. In this group the Croatians alone exhibit a certain proportion widowed. Of all males who reported and who are 20 years of age or over, the Croatians show the highest per cent married and the North Italians the smallest percentage married and the highest per cent widowed.

The table next presented shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in the households studied who were in each conjugal condition.

TABLE 129.-Per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] MALE.

Of the total number of persons 20 years of age or over 94.3 per cent are married. The proportion of persons native-born of native father who are married is 87 per cent; of the foreign-born, 95.5 per cent. Both the native-born of native father and the foreign-born show a larger proportion of females married than of males.

Although about one-half of the employees of foreign birth are married, more than two-fifths of those who were married left their wives abroad when they came to this country. This fact is disclosed by the following table, which shows by race of husband the per cent of foreign-born husbands who reported wife in the United States and the percentage who reported wife abroad:

TABLE 130.-Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreignborn.]

The above table shows that 58.4 per cent of 757 foreign-born husbands report wives in the United States, while 41.6 per cent report wives abroad. The English husbands show slightly over 80 per cent having wives in the United States and the Finnish slightly less than 80 per cent who have wives in this country. Over 60 per cent of the Polish husbands report wives in this country, the Slovenian husbands 56.4 per cent, while the North Italian and Croatian husbands show over 30 per cent having wives in the United States and the South Italian husbands slightly over 20 per cent. The South Italian husbands show nearly 80 per cent having wives abroad and the Croatians over 65 per cent whose wives are in Europe. Only 19 per cent of the English husbands have wives abroad,

The extent to which married males of foreign birth who immigrated to this country without their wives send for them after designated periods of residence is set forth in the table following, which shows, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States, the percentage of foreign-born husbands who reported wife abroad.

TABLE 131.-Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more husbands reporting.]

Upon referring to the preceding table it is seen that a considerably larger proportion of the Slovenian husbands than of the Finnish husbands in each specified period of residence report wives abroad.

VISITS ABROAD.

The extent to which the iron-ore mine workers return to their native lands for periods of varying duration after specified lengths of residence in this country is set forth in the following table, which shows, by years in the United States and race, the visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees:

TABLE 132.- Visits abroad made by foreign-born male employees, by years in the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of 1,542 foreign-born male employees from whom information was secured, 5.7 per cent of those who have been in the United States under five years report one or more visits abroad, of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years, 21.8 per cent have visited Europe, while those with a residence of ten years or over report 19.3 per cent having made one or more visits abroad. Of the total number reporting, irrespective of length of residence, 12.9 per cent have visited Europe since first coming to the United States. In the groups showing employees who have been in the United States under five years and from five to nine years, the North Italians show the highest per cent and the Finns the lowest per cent of males who have made one or more visits abroad. In the group who have