noted, however, that the English, except in one instance, show a smaller or as small a proportion of households having each specified number of persons per room as the native-born of native father.

The table next presented shows range in the number of persons per sleeping room according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 51.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The

Of the total number of households, 87.5 per cent have 2 or more persons per sleeping room, 61.2 per cent 3 or more, 40.4 per cent 4 or more, 22.7 per cent 5 or more, and 11 per cent 6 or more. The foreign-born show a considerably larger proportion of households having each specified number of persons than the native-born of native father. The latter in the majority of cases have 2 or more persons per sleeping room; 31.8 per cent of households have 3 or more. foreign-born in the majority of cases have 3 or more persons per sleeping room; 42.5 per cent have 4 or more. A relatively large number of persons per sleeping room is most common in Croatian households, the majority of which have 4 or more. The English, on the contrary, except in one instance, show a smaller proportion of households having each specified number of persons per sleeping room than the native-born of native father.

The effect of congestion within the households upon living arrangements may be seen from the final table of this series. It shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and percentage of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 52.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of the total number of households, 5.1 per cent regularly sleep in all rooms; 30.2 per cent regularly use all except 1 room to sleep in; 32.2 per cent use all except 2 rooms. The native-born of native father show a much smaller proportion of households regularly using all except each specified number of rooms than do the foreign-born. The English, however, show in each instance a proportion smaller than the native-born of native father.

CHAPTER VI.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Literacy-Conjugal condition-Visits abroad-Age classification of employees and members of their households-[Text Tables 53 to 68 and General Tables 32 to 41].

LITERACY.

The general literacy of the iron-ore mine workers is set forth in the two tables which follow. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees for whom information was secured who were able to read and percentage who were able to read and write.

TABLE 53.—Per cent of male employees who read and per cent who read and write, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of 8,126 male employees from whom information was secured, 81.4 per cent can read and 80.2 per cent can both read and write. Employees who are native-born of foreign father show a considerably higher per cent who can read and who can both read and write than do the employees who are whites native-born of native father.

The

employees of foreign birth report a somewhat smaller per cent who can read and who can read and write than the whites native-born of native father, while negroes native-born of native father report a greater degree of illiteracy than any of the nativity groups discussed above. Of the employees native-born of foreign father, those whose fathers were born in England and Sweden show 100 per cent who can read and write, while employees whose fathers were born in Canada show 98 per cent who are able to read and 96.1 per cent who can both read and write. Of employees of foreign birth, Swedish show 100 per cent who can read, while English show 99.1 per cent. who have this ability. The Finns, Slovenians, Germans, Croatians, and Bulgarians show over 90 per cent who can read, while the North Italians, Slovaks, Poles, and French Canadians show between 80 and 90 per cent, the Montenegrins over 75 per cent, and the South Italians only 64.3 per cent. The Bulgarians, French Canadians, and German employees alone show the same proportions who can read and who can both read and write. The employees of other races all show slightly smaller proportions who can both read and write than who can read.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the proportion of persons 10 years of age or over in the households studied, who could read and the percentage who could both read and write:

TABLE 54.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

In the above table all the native-born of foreign father, a but slightly lower proportion of the native-born of native father, the Swedes, and over 90 per cent of the Finns, Slovenians, and English, are entirely literate. The great majority of the South Italians and Slovaks can read and write, but the literate Croatians are in the minority. It will be noted that with the exception of the native

whites born of native father and English, slightly higher proportions of the males than of the females can read. All of the Swedes, male and female, can read. Of those who can read and write, there is a preponderance of Croatian, South Italian, Slovenian, and Swedish males, the reverse being true of the native whites of native father, English, Finns, and Slovaks. The smallest proportionate difference between the sexes is reported by the Slovaks, 81.8 of the males and 82.6 per cent of the females being entirely literate, and the greatest difference by the Croatians, 58 per cent of the males as compared with but 34.7 per cent of the females being able to read and write. The following table shows the percentage of male employees who read, according to locality and general nativity and race:

TABLE 55.-Per cent of male employees who read, by locality and by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The preceding table shows that a larger proportion of the male employees in Michigan than in Minnesota are able to read, each of the localities mentioned showing a very much higher per cent of male employees who can read than the per cent of employees in Alabama having this ability. All of the employees who are native-born of native white father and for whom information was secured in Michigan and in Minnesota can read as contrasted with only 91.9 per cent of those in Alabama. A slightly higher per cent of the employees who are native-born of foreign father in Michigan than in Minnesota can read. In Michigan the foreign-born employees show a somewhat higher per cent who can read than is shown for such employees in Minnesota and a very much higher per cent than is shown for employees in Alabama having this ability. Employees of every foreign-born race in Michigan show a higher per cent who can read than is shown for the same races in Minnesota. The North and South Italians in Alabama show a considerably smaller proportion who are able to read than that exhibited by the same races in Michigan and Minnesota.