the total number of households studied, are the Slovak households, with an average number of boarders or lodgers per household of 2.40. This, it will be seen, is a very much lower average than shown by the South Italian households, but is much higher than that shown by the Slovenian households and very much higher than that shown by the Finnish, Swedish, or English households. In fact the average number of boarders or lodgers in the Slovak households is only slightly lower than the combined averages in Slovenian, Finnish, Swedish, and English households.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms:

TABLE 46.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all

It will be noted that 46.6 per cent of the 255 households occupy apartments of 3 and 4 rooms-the proportions being almost identical. Identical proportions, or 17.6 per cent, occupy apartments of 2 and 5 rooms, a smaller proportion, or 11 per cent, occupy apartments of 6 rooms, while 2.7 and 4.3 per cent occupy apartments of 1 room and 7 or more rooms, respectively. Households the heads of which are foreign-born show proportions occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms that vary only slightly from the proportions shown in the total for all households. On the other hand, no households the heads of which are whites, native-born of native father, occupy apartments of 1 room or 7 or more rooms, 13.6 per cent occupy apartments of 2 rooms, 9.1 per cent occupy apartments of 3, 4, and 6 rooms each, while 59.1 per cent occupy apartments of 5 rooms. It will be seen, therefore, from the above comparison that congestion in apartments of those households the heads of which are

native-born of native father, white, is not nearly so great as in households the heads of which are foreign-born. Among those households the heads of which are foreign-born it will be noted that, with the exception of 6.8 per cent of the Finns and 14.3 per cent of the Slovenian households, no households the heads of which are of any other race occupy apartments of 1 room. No Swedish and only 10.7 per cent of the English households occupy apartments of 2 rooms, while the proportions of the other households occupying apartments of this size range from 31.8 per cent of the Finns to 20 per cent of the Slovak households. As compared with the other households, the English, with 3.6 per cent occupying apartments of 3 rooms, show an extremely low proportion. Of those occupying apartments of 4 rooms, the Swedish households, with 47.7 per cent, show a much larger proportion than do the Slovak or Slovenian households, and a very much larger proportion than do the Finnish, Croation, or English households, in the order named-the last named reporting only 10.7 per cent. Of those occupying apartments of 5, 6, and 7 or more rooms, the English in each instance show a considerably larger proportion than do the Swedish or Croatian households. No Slovenian households occupy apartments of 6 rooms, and no Finnish households occupy apartments of 7 or more rooms. Of those households showing a proportion occupying apartments of 7 or more rooms, the Croatians show the lowest proportion, or 2 per cent, while of those households occupying apartments of 5 rooms the Finnish households show the lowest proportion, or 4.5 per cent.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The range in size of households studied is set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households of each specified number of persons:

TABLE 47.-Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The table immediately preceding shows that of the 255 households studied in this industry 49.8 per cent have 3, 4, and 5 persons per household the proportion having 4 persons being slightly in excess of that having 5 or 3 persons, in the order named; 9.8 per cent have 2 persons, 16.1 per cent have 10 or more persons, while the proportions having 6, 7, 8, and 9 persons decrease from 8.2 per cent having 6 persons to 3.5 per cent having 9 persons. Households the heads of which are foreign-born report proportions having each specified number of persons that vary only slightly from the proportions shown in the total for all households. On the other hand, none of the households the heads of which are whites, native-born of native father, have 6, 7, or 9 persons per household. The proportions having 2 and 5 are slightly in excess, and the proportions having 3 and 4 considerably in excess of those shown in the total for all households. Thus it will be seen that there is much less congestion in households the heads of which are native-born of native father, white, than in households the heads of which are foreign-born.

Among those households the heads of which are foreign-born it will be noted that of those having 2 persons, the English, with 17.9 per cent, show the largest proportion and the Croatian households the smallest proportion, or 4 per cent. Among those having 3 persons the English and Swedish each show decreased proportions, while the households the heads of which are of each of the other races show increased proportions. Of all households reporting this specified number of persons, the Slovenian show the largest proportion, or 21.4 per cent, and the Croatian the smallest, or 8 per cent. Of those households having 4 and 5 persons per household, the Slovak, Finnish, Swedish, and English each show a proportion above, while the Slovenian and Croatian each show a proportion below, that shown in the total for all households the Croatian households reporting the lowest proportion in each instance. With the exception of the Slovenian households, 17.9 per cent of which have 6 persons per household, the proportions of the other households with this specified number of persons vary little from the proportions shown in the total for all households. None of the English or Slovak households have 8 persons, and none of the English, Slovak, or Slovenian households have 9 persons per household. Among the households having 10 or more persons, the very large proportion of Croatian households is in striking contrast with the proportions shown by households the heads of which are of any of the other races.

CONGESTION.

Although the tabulations and preceding discussion are primarily concerned with congestion, the series of tables next submitted set forth in a more direct way the degree of crowding within the households studied and its bearing upon living conditions. The first table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

TABLE 48.-Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms.

General nativity and race of head of

household.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Except in one instance, the average number of persons per apartment increases steadily with the size of the apartment. The 6-room apartments, however, average 9.71 persons, the apartments of 7 rooms or more average 7.91 persons. The Croatians average 8.46 persons in apartments of 3 rooms as compared with 5.64 persons average by the total group of foreign-born."

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room:

TABLE 49.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

From the above table it will be seen that in the 255 households studied the average number of persons per apartment is 6.38, while the average number of persons per room and per sleeping room is 1.64 and 3.38, respectively. For the foreign-born it will be noted that the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and

per sleeping room is only slightly above that shown in the total. On the other hand, the whites, native-born of native father, with 4.27 persons per apartment, 0.97 per room, and 2.41 per sleeping room, show a much lower average per apartment and considerably lower averages per room and per sleeping room than is shown for all households studied.

Among those households the heads of which are foreign-born, the Croatian households, with 10.42 persons per apartment, 2.79 persons per room, and 4.45 persons per sleeping room, show a considerably larger average number of persons per apartment and per room and a slightly larger average per sleeping room than is shown by the South Italian households. These households, in turn, show a much higher average number of persons per apartment than is shown by households the heads of which are of any other race-the English reporting the lowest average, or 4.61. The English, with an average of 0.87 persons per room and 2.05 persons per sleeping room, again show the lowest average. Of the other households, the average number of persons per room ranges from 1.85 for Slovenian households to 1.14 for the Swedish households, while of these same households the average number of persons per sleeping room ranges from 3.64 for the Finnish to 2.81 for the Swedish households.

The range in the number of persons per room is shown in the table below according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 50.—Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of the total number of households, 78 per cent have 1 or more persons per room, 34.9 per cent have 2 or more, 15.7 per cent 3 or more, and 6.3 per cent 4 or more. The native-born of native father have in every instance a considerably smaller proportion of households having each specified number of persons per room than the foreignborn. For example, 36.4 per cent of the households of the nativeborn of native father have 1 or more persons per room; the corre sponding proportion of foreign-born is 82 per cent. It should be