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CHAPTER V.

HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.

Rent in its relation to standard of living-Boarders and lodgers-Size of apartments occupied-Size of households studied-Congestion-[Text Tables 40 to 52 and General Tables 20 to 31].

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The rent payments of the households the heads of which were employed in the iron ore mines are chiefly significant in their bearing upon standards of living because of congestion within the households. This congestion arose from the practice, especially among households the heads of which were of recent immigration, of crowding their apartments in order to reduce the per capita outlay for rent. The first table submitted in this connection shows the average monthly rent payment per apartment, per room, and per person, according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 40.-Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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From information obtained for 101 households in this industry it will be noted that the average rent per apartment is $6.69, while the average rent per room and per person is $1.63 and $1.13, respectively, the foreign-born showing a slightly higher average rent per apartment and per room and slightly lower rent per person, while the native-born of native father show a lower average rent per apartment and per room and a higher average rent per person than is shown by the total for all households studied. Among the foreignborn the Croatians show the highest average rent per apartment, or

$7.60, and the lowest rent per person, or $0.67. The lowest rent per apartment, on the other hand, is shown by the English, while the highest rent per person is shown by the Swedes. Little difference exists as between the Finns and Swedes in the average rent per apartment and per person, each showing an average in excess of that shown by the English. As regards the average rent per room, the Finns report the highest, or $2.22. This, it will be noted, is considerably in excess of the average rent paid by the Croatians or Swedes, and largely in excess of that paid by the English.

The range of monthly rents for apartments is set forth in the following table, which shows by general nativity and race of head of household the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment:

TABLE 41.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Upon information obtained for 101 households in this industry, 72.3 per cent pay under $7.50 per month per apartment, 83.2 per cent under $10, 96 per cent under $12.50, and 3 per cent $15 or over, the proportion paying under $5 amounting to 12.9 per cent. The foreign-born, it will be noted, report a proportion slightly in excess of that shown in the total figure representing all households paying under $5 rent per month per apartment. With this exception, the proportion of foreign-born paying under each specified amount is slightly below that shown by the total. Of the Croatians, 28 per cent of whom pay under $5 rent per month per apartment, it will be noted that the proportion paying under each specified amount falls slightly below the proportion shown for the total foreign-born.

The table next presented exhibits, by general nativity and race of head of household, the proportion of households paying each specified rent per month per room.

TABLE 42.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

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[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.}

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The largest proportion, or 66.3 per cent, of the households studied in this industry pay under $2 rent per month per room, 84.2 per cent pay under $3, 5 per cent $4 or over, and only 4 per cent under $1. The foreign-born as a whole, it will be noted, report a proportion paying under each specified rate per month per room similar to that shown in the total for all households. It is equally true of households the heads of which are Croatians, this being the only foreignborn race reporting twenty or more households.

In the following table the real situation relative to congestion is set forth, the crowding within the households being indicated by the large proportion of households having a low rent payment per capita. The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month per person:

TABLE 43.-Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the 101 households studied in this industry, 72.3 per cent pay under $2 rent per month per person, 87.1 per cent under $3, 33.7 per cent under $1, and 6.9 per cent $4 or over. The proportion of households the heads of which are foreign-born paying under each specified rate per month per person varies only slightly from the proportion shown in the total for all households. Of those households whose heads are Croatians, 80 per cent pay under $1 rent per month per person. This, it will be noted, is a very much larger proportion than that shown for the total foreign-born. The proportion of these same households paying under $2, under $3, and under $4 rent per month per person is also in excess of the proportion of the total foreign-born paying under each specified amount, the difference being less marked among those paying under $4 than among those paying under $2 or under $3 rent per month per person.

BOARDERS AND LODGERS.

The practice of wives of immigrant employees in keeping boarders or lodgers in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands has already been discussed, and the extent of this practice and its effect upon living arrangements is set forth in the following series of tables. The first table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 44.—Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.)

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Information secured concerning 255 households in this industry shows that 35.3 per cent keep boarders or lodgers-the foreign-born reporting 36.9 per cent as compared with 18.2 per cent of the nativeborn of native father, whites. Among those households the heads of which are foreign-born, the large proportion of Croatian households keeping boarders or lodgers is in striking contrast to the portion shown by households, the heads of which are of any other

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race. As regards the households the heads of which are of the other races it will be noted that the proportion of Slovak households keeping boarders or lodgers is slightly in excess of the Slovenian, considerably in excess of the Finns, and largely in excess of the Swedes or English households the last named reporting only 10.7 per cent. The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household. The averages are computed (1) on the total number of households studied and (2) on the number keeping boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 45.-Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

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Based on the total number of households studied the average number of boarders or lodgers per household is 2.35, while based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers the average is 6.67. The foreign-born, it will be noted, report in each instance a slightly higher average than is shown by the total, while the native-born of native father, whites, based on the total number of households, report only 0.59 boarders or lodgers per household. Among those households, the heads of which are foreign-born, the Croatian, taking as a base the total number of households, report by far the highest average number of boarders or lodgers per household, or 7.32. This is also true of these same households, taking as a base the number keeping boarders or lodgers, upon which basis it will be seen that the average number of boarders or lodgers per household is 8.93. The nearest approach to these averages is shown by the South Italian households, in which the average number of boarders or lodgers per household, taking as a base the total number studied, is 4.16, while taking as a base the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers the average is 5.64. Following the South Italian, and taking as a base

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