Among the foreign-born it will be noted that with with the exception of 6.8 per cent of the Finns and 4.5 per cent of the Croatians no race shows a proportion of its representatives earning under $200 per year. The English also report no males earning under $400, while the Croatians, with 28.8 per cent, show a considerably larger proportion than do the South Italians, Finns, or Slovaks, and a much larger proportion than do the Swedes or Slovenians, the Swedes and Slovenians reporting only 4.5 and 3.3 per cent, respectively. The largest proportion of each foreign-born race, it will be noted, earn between $600 and $1,000 per year. Among the races whose representatives earn between these amounts the Swedes show the largest proportion, or 79.5 per cent, and the Croatians the smallest proportion, or 51.5 per cent. None of the Croatians, Finns, or South Italians and only a small proportion of each of the other races earn $1,000 or over per year.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

The annual income of families the heads of which were employed in the iron-ore mines, together with the several sources of family income and their relative importance, are studied in the series of tabulations next presented. The first table submitted in this connection, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the average amount and range in amount of yearly income of the families in the households studied.

TABLE 32.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 ormore families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that for the 231 families studied in this industry the average family income is $990, the foreign-born reporting an average income of $983, as compared with $1,058, the average family income for the native-born of native father, white. Among the foreign-born the average family income for the Croatians, $1,370, is $316 in excess of that shown for the English, which, in turn, is slightly in excess of that shown for the Swedes, considerably in excess

of that shown for the Slovenians, and very largely in excess of that shown for the Finns, who show an average family income of $716.

Considering all families, it will be noted that a larger proportion have a total income of between $500 and $750 than between any other specified amount. In other words, 9.5 per cent have an income under $500 and 43.3 per cent an income under $750, while the proportions having an income under $1,000 and under $1,500 amount to 71 and 86.1 per cent, respectively. The foreign-born, it will be noted, show proportions with an income under each specified amount that vary only slightly from the proportions shown in the total for all families, while whites, the native-born of native father, none of whom have an income under $300, show a slightly smaller proportion with an income under $500, a very much smaller proportion with an income under $750 and under $1,000, and a slightly larger proportion with an income under $1,500 than is shown in the total for all families.

No English, Slovenians, or Swedes, and only small proportions of Croatians and Finns, have a total income under $300. Of those having an income under $750, the Finns and Slovenians, between whom there is little difference, each show a considerably larger proportion, while the Croatians show a slightly smaller proportion and the English and Swedes a considerably smaller proportion with an income under $750 than is shown for all families studied. The Finns also show the largest proportion with an income under $1,000 and under $1,500, while the Croatians in each instance show the smallest proportion-the proportion of Finns earning under $1,000 being considerably in excess of that of the Swedes or Slovenians and largely in excess of that of the English or Croatians. As regards those with an income under $1,500, the proportion of Finns is slightly in excess of that of the Slovenians or Swedes, considerably in excess of that of the English, and largely in excess of that of the Croatians.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

None of the wives in the families studied, probably due to the lack of opportunity in the iron-ore mining regions, were regularly employed for wages outside the home. On the other hand, a considerable proportion of wives, especially of foreign-born husbands, supplemented the earnings of the heads by keeping boarders and lodgers. The tendency in this direction is exhibited by the following tables, which show, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family, the number and percentage of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 33.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

TABLE 34.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family."

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see p. 458. Of the selected families, only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.]

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The largest proportion of wives employed or keeping boarders or lodgers is in the group of families where the husband earns under $400 a year. There is only a slight difference in the extent to which wives are employed or keep boarders or lodgers in the groups where the husband earns $400 to $600 or $600 or over; the proportion, however, is slightly smaller for the latter group. The tendency on the part of the wives to seek employment or to keep boarders or lodgers is most marked among the Croatians. The Swedish wives are least frequently employed, although the wives of the foreign-born English, as well as those of native whites of native father, show almost as small proportions.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

As regards the sources of family income in detail, the table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources in the households studied.

TABLE 35.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the 231 families studied in this industry, 99.6 per cent have an income from earnings of husband, none from wife, 6.9 per cent from contributions of children, 34.6 per cent from payments of boarders or lodgers, and 7.4 per cent have an income from other sources. The foreign-born, while showing a slightly smaller proportion of families having an income from earnings of husband and from other sources, show a slightly larger proportion of families having an income from contributions of children and the payments of boarders or lodgers than is shown in the total for all families studied. On the other hand, all white families, native-born of native father, have an income from earnings of husband, 19 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers, 4.8 per cent have an income from contributions of children, and 14.3 per cent from sources other than specified.

Among the foreign-born, it will be noted that all families of each race, with the exception of 2.3 per cent of the Swedish, have an income from earnings of husband, while none of the families studied have an income from earnings of wife. No Slovenian families have an income from contributions of children and no Slovenian nor Finnish families have an income from sources other than specified in the above table. The proportions of Croatian and Finnish families having an income from contributions of children are much below the proportions of English and Swedish families having an income from this source. From sources other than specified 20.9 per cent of the Swedish families have an income. This, it will be noted, is the largest

proportion of families having an income from this source, while the Croatians report the smallest proportion, or 5 per cent. By far the largest proportion of Croatian families have an income from payments of boarders or lodgers, while the Slovenians show a proportion having an income from this source slightly above that shown in the total for all families. On the other hand, the Finns, Swedes, and English each show a proportion below that shown in the total.

In the following table the sources of family income are also shown in detail by general nativity and race of head of family, but each source specified is exclusive of all other sources, or, in other words, the proportion of families under each designated source have their entire income from that source.

TABLE 36.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of

family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

As regards the sources from which the 231 families studied derived their entire income, it will be noted that 55 per cent receive entire income from husband, 31.6 per cent from husband and boarders or lodgers, 4.8 per cent from husband and children, 0.4 per cent from children and boarders or lodgers, and 8.2 per cent from sources or a combination of sources not before specified. The proportion of foreign-born families having entire income from each of the above specified sources varies very little from the proportion shown in the total for all families, in one instance the proportions being identically the same. As regards the families, native-born of native father, white, it will be noted that the proportions having entire income from husband and from sources not specified are slightly above the proportions shown in the total for all families. On the other hand, the proportion of native white families having entire income from husband and children is identical with that shown in the total, while the proportion of native-born families having entire income from husband and boarders or lodgers is considerably below that shown for all families.