TABLE 27.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

All of the Croatians for whom complete data were secured employed in the iron-ore-mining industry earn $10 or over per week. Of those earning each specified amount from $15 per week the proportion is largest of those who have been in the United States ten years or over-none with a period of residence of less than ten years earning as high as $17.50 per week. As regards those earning $12.50 or over, the proportion is largest of those with a period of residence of less than five years and smallest of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years. The proportion of English earning each specified amount from $15 or over per week is largest of those with a period of residence of ten years or over and smallest of those with a period of residence of less than five years, while the proportion earning $12.50 or over is smallest of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years. Of the Finnish earning $15 or over per week an increase is shown between each period of residence, while of those earning $12.50 or over or $17.50 or over the proportion is largest of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years, and as small or smaller of those with a period of residence of less than five years. Those with a period of residence of ten years or over show a small proportion earning less than $10, those with each other specified period of residence showing 100 per cent earning $10 or over. A larger proportion of the North Italians with a period of residence of

from five to nine years than of those with either a period of residence of less than five years or ten years or over earn each specified amount except $5 or over, $12.50 or over, or $17.50 or over per week. The proportion of South Italians earning each specified amount except $5 or over, increases with period of residence. The proportion of Polish earning $15 or over, $17.50 or over, or $20 or over per week increases with length of residence, while the proportion earning $12.50 or over is largest of those who have been in the United States under five years and smallest of those with a period of residence of ten years or over-none earning below $10. None of the Slovenians earn below $10 and the proportion earning $12.50 or over or $15 or over per week is largest of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years, and smallest, in the first instance, of those with a period of residence of ten years or over, and, in the second instance, of those with a period of residence of less than five years.

In the following table the same data are presented as in the preceding, but in a different form:

TABLE 28.-Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

48296°-vor. 16-11-16

Only 59.9 per cent of the South Italians, as compared with 96.9 per cent of the North Italians, and all of those of each other race, included in the preceding table, who have been in the United States less than five years, earn $10 or over per week. The Polish shows the largest proportion earning $12.50 or over and the English the largest proportion earning $15 or over or $17.50 or over per week, the South Italians showing the smallest proportions earning $12.50 and $15, and the Croatians, Polish, and Slovenians, in addition to the South Italians, show none earning $17.50 or over.

Of those of each race, who have been in the United States from five to nine years, the Slovenian shows the largest and the Italian South the smallest proportion earning $12.50 or over or $15 or over per week, the South Italian showing the smallest proportion earning each specified amount below $12.50 and certain other races showing 100 per cent earning each specified amount below $12.50. The English shows the largest proportion earning $17.50 or over and is the only race showing a proportion earning as high as $20 per week. Of those of each race who have been in the United States ten years or over, the English shows the largest proportion earning each specified amount from $12.50 or over per week, certain races showing 100 per cent earning each specified amount below $12.50. The South Italians show the smallest proportion earning each specified amount from $7.50 or over to $17.50 or over, all of those of each race earning $5 or over and in addition to the South Italians the North Italian and Slovenian showing none earning as high as $20.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The extent to which the heads of the families studied were regularly employed, together with their average annual earnings, is set forth in the table next presented. It shows, by general nativity and race, the proportion of husbands at work in the households studied.

TABLE 29.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

From the foregoing table it will be noted that all husbands in the households studied are at work, with average earnings of $706, the foreign-born reporting average earnings of $674, as compared with $1,024, the average earnings of husbands, native-born of native father, white. Among the foreign-born, the English, with average earnings of $847, followed by the Swedes, with average earnings of $771, and the Slovaks, with average earnings of $705, each show earnings in excess of those shown in the total for all foreign-born. The Slovenians show identically the same average earnings as shown for all foreign-born, while the Finns, South Italians, and Croatians, each show average earnings below that shown in the total for foreignborn husbands-the Croatians showing average earnings considerably below those of the Finns or South Italians.

The range in yearly earnings of male heads of families may be seen in the following table, according to general nativity and race of head:

TABLE 30.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 458.]

Of the total number of male heads, 77.4 per cent earn under $800 per year and 25.7 per cent under $600. There is a considerably higher level of earnings among the male heads native-born of native father than among the foreign-born. Less than half of the former earn under $1,000. On the other hand, 83.3 per cent of the foreignborn earn under $800. Relatively low earnings are most common among the Croatians, 50 per cent of whom earn under $600. Relatively high earnings among the foreign-born are most general among the Swedish, 66.7 per cent of whom earn under $800, and the English 88 per cent of whom earn under $1,000.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the yearly earnings of all males 18 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 31.- Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

The above table shows that for the 293 males studied in this industry the average earnings are $682. Although the foreign-born show average earnings slightly below those shown in the total, these earnings are, nevertheless, considerably higher than the average earnings of the native-born of foreign father. The average earnings of the native-born of native father, white, on the other hand, are very much higher than the average shown for all males-the native whites averaging $981 per year. Among the foreign-born the English, with average earnings of $816, show a slightly larger average than do the Swedes, who in turn show a considerably larger average than the Slovaks, Slovenians, South Italians, or Finns, and a much larger average than do the Croatians-the last named reporting an average of only $524 per year.

Of the males earning each specified amount it will be noted that 63.9 per cent earn between $600 and $1,000, 11.9 per cent earn under $400, 2.4 per cent under $200, and 7.5 per cent over $1,000. The proportion of foreign-born earning each specified amount varies little from the proportion shown in the total for all males. On the other hand, no whites, native-born of native father, earn under $200, and only 4 per cent under $400, while 52 per cent earn $1,000 or over per year.