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Finns and 9.8 per cent of the Swedes, among those for whom information was secured, were without occupation abroad. Among these same races working for wages the proportion of South Italians is slightly in excess of that of the Swedes, largely in excess of that of the Finns or Croatians, and very largely in excess of that of the Slovenians the last named reporting only 10.3 per cent. Considering these same races, the representatives of which work without wages, it will be noted that the condition of the South Italians and Slovenians is just the reverse of that shown by those working for wages. In other words, the Slovenians, with 72.4 per cent working without wages, show the largest proportion, while the South Italians, with only 10 per cent, show the smallest proportion. Both the Croatians and Finns show a proportion working without wages as indicated above, while the Swedes show a proportion below that shown in the total for all foreign-born males. Among those of these same races who worked for profit before coming to the United States both the South Italians and Croatians show a proportion in excess of that shown for all males, while the reverse is true of the Slovenians, Finns, and Swedes-the Slovenians and Finns each showing a proportion slightly below, while the Swedes show a proportion much below that shown in the total for all males.

The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming to this country:

TABLE 16-Occupation before coming to the United States, of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of the 236 foreign-born males in this industry for whom information was obtained only 3 per cent were without occupation before coming to the United States, 39.8 per cent worked for wages, 39 per cent without wages, and 18.2 per cent for profit. The proportion employed as farm laborers for wages is larger than the proportion employed in any other wage-earning occupation. The proportion employed in iron-ore mining constitutes the next largest percentage in this group. Of those who worked without

wages abroad none were employed in an occupation other than as farm laborers, while of those working for profit none were employed other than as farmers.

A comparison of those working for wages, and who were employed as farm laborers, shows that a slightly larger proportion of Swedes than of Croatians or South Italians, and a much larger proportion of Swedes than Finns or Slovenians were so employed. None of the Slovenians, and only a small proportion of Croatians, Finns, and Swedes, as compared with 20 per cent of the South Italians, were employed as general laborers. The representatives of only 2 races, the Swedes and South Italians, with 22 per cent of the former and 20 per cent of the latter, had obtained prior to coming to the United States any experience in the industry in which they are now employed. As regards those in hand trades, the Swedes, with 9.8 per cent, show the largest proportion, while the Slovenians, with 3.4 per cent, show the smallest proportion. None of the South Italians,. and less than 5 per cent of either the Swedes, Slovenians, or Croatians, as compared with 16.7 per cent of the Finns, were employed for wages abroad in occupations other than specified in the preceding table.

The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival in this country.

TABLE 17.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Information was obtained for 199 foreign-born females in households connected with this industry. Of this number, 47.2 per cent were without occupation prior to coming to the United States, 31.7 per cent worked for wages, 20.6 per cent without wages, and 0.5 per cent for profit. With the exception of the Croatians, the largest proportion of females of each race was without occupation abroad the Finns, with 72.5 per cent, reporting a slightly larger proportion than the Slovenians and a considerably larger proportion than the Swedes, while the proportion of Croatian females without occupation abroad was only 12.2 per cent. Of those working both for wages and without wages abroad, the Croatians show the largest proportions, or 40.8 and 46.9 per cent, respectively. On the other

hand, the smallest proportion, or 7.4 per cent, working for wages is shown by the Slovenians, while of those working without wages the smallest proportion, or 3.2 per cent, is shown by the Swedes. Of those working for profit before coming to the United States, it will be noted that the Swedes alone show a small proportion.

The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country:

TABLE 18.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreignborn.]

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Of the 199 foreign-born females for whom information was obtained, 47.2 per cent were without occupation abroad, 31.7 per cent worked for wages, 20.6 per cent without wages, and 0.5 per cent for profit. Of the total number, 25.6 per cent were in domestic service, 3.5 per cent were employed as farm laborers for wages, 1.5 per cent in wage-earning occupations other than specified, and 1 per cent in sewing, embroidering, etc., for wages. Of those working without wages, the entire number was employed as farm laborers, while of those working for profit none was employed other than as farmers. None of the Croatians or Finns, and only a small proportion of the Swedes and Slovenians, were employed as farm laborers before coming to the United States. Of those employed in domestic service, on the other hand, the Croatians, with 38.8 per cent, show a slightly larger proportion than do the Swedes and a much larger proportion than do the Finns-the last-named reporting only 17.5 per cent. None of the Slovenians or Swedes, and only 2 per cent of the Croatians and 2.5 per cent of the Finns, were employed in sewing, embroidering, etc. Of those who worked without wages abroad, the Croatians, 46.9 per cent of whom were employed as farm laborers, show a much larger proportion than the Slovenians, while the proportions of Finns and Swedes so employed are extremely low. Of those working for profit, the Swedes alone show a very small proportion employed

as farmers.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

The table next presented shows, by race, the percentage of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States.

TABLE 19.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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The preceding table, compiled from information secured from 3,551 foreign-born male employees, shows that only 8.5 per cent were engaged in mining before coming to the United States, 3.2 per cent were engaged in manufacturing, 62.3 per cent were farming or farm laborers, 13.9 per cent were general laborers, 6.7 per cent were in hand trades, 0.6 per cent were in trade, and 4.8 per cent were in other occupations. The English employees show by far the highest percentage who were engaged in mining before coming to this country, the North Italians and Swedish employees show the next largest proportion, while only 0.4 per cent of the Finnish employees had had any previous experience in their present occupation. The Swedes report the highest percentage engaged in manufacturing before coming to this country, and the South Italian employees show no persons who were thus engaged. The South Italian employees show over 75 per cent and the Croatians, Finns, and Slovaks, in the order mentioned, over 70 per cent who were farming or farm laborers in Europe, as contrasted with only 6.8 per cent of the English employees who followed this vocation. North Italians exhibit the highest percentage who were general laborers and the English the smallest percentage. The English employees and the Slovenians show the greatest proportions in hand trades and the South Italians the smallest. The Slovenian and the Swedish employees show slightly less than 2 per cent who were in trade abroad, while employees of the other specified races all show less than 1 per cent who were thus employed. The English exhibit the highest per cent who were engaged in other occupations and the Slovaks the lowest per cent who were thus engaged.

The following table shows, by locality and by race, the percentage of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in mining before coming to the United States:

TABLE 20.—Per cent of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in mining before coming to the United States, by locality and by race

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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The foregoing table shows that 6.4 per cent of the foreign-born male employees in Alabama were engaged in mining before coming to the United States, and 9.8 per cent of those in Michigan and 7 per cent of those in Minnesota had previous experience in Europe in their present occupation. A higher percentage of the Croatians and Poles in Michigan were engaged in mining abroad than is shown by these races in Minnesota, while the Finnish and North Italian employees in Minnesota show larger proportions who were engaged in mining before coming to the United States than are shown for the same races in Michigan.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Two tabulations are next submitted relative to the present industrial status of the employees and members of their households, the first of which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the households studied.

TABLE 21.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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