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The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons in the households studied who had been in the United States each specified number of years.

TABLE 9.-Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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It appears from the above table that of the foreign-born persons for whom information was secured 18.2 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 43.9 per cent have been here under ten years, and 70.1 per cent have been here under 20 years. The proportion of persons who have been in this country under five years is largest for the Magyars, English, and North Italians, in the order mentioned, and the proportion of persons who have been here under ten years is largest for the Magyars, Slovenians, and Croatians, in the order mentioned. All of the Slovenians, over 95 per cent of the Croatians, Magyars, and Slovaks, and less than 3 per cent of the Germans and Irish have been in the United States under twenty years.

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

The racial composition of the operating forces of the industry is set forth in the table following, which shows the number and percentage of male employees of each race for whom information was secured in the Tennessee copper-mining district.

TABLE 10.-Male employees of each race for whom information was secured-Tennessee copper-mining district.

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Of the total number of male employees for whom information was secured, 90.6 per cent are native whites born of native father, 6.9 per cent are of foreign birth, 2.3 per cent are native-born of foreign father, and 0.2 per cent are native-born negroes of native father. Of the employees who are native-born of foreign father, those whose fathers were born in England show 0.9 per cent, while no male employees whose fathers were born in other specified countries show over 0.3 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured. Of the employees of foreign birth, the Magyars show 2 per cent, and the Roumanians 1.4 per cent, while no employees who are of other specified races show over 0.8 per cent of the total number for whom information was secured.

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The following table shows the number and percentage of male employees of each race for whom information was secured:

TABLE 11.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity

and race.

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Of the male employees for whom information was secured, 65.3 per cent are foreign-born, 13.6 per cent are native-born of foreign father, 21.1 per cent are native whites born of native father, and only a fraction of 1 per cent are native negroes born of native father. Among the native-born of foreign father sons whose fathers were born in England, Canada, and Germany, in the order mentioned, have the largest representation. The principal foreign races are the Finns, English, North Italians, Croatian, and French Canadian. in the order mentioned. It will be noted that the Finns outnumber the native-born white of native father.

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CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-Weekly earningsRelation between period of residence and earning ability-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers-Sources of family income-Relative importance of different sources of family income-[Text Tables 12 to 31 and General Tables 6 to 18].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In order that a comparison may be made between the condition. of the immigrants connected with the copper industry in this country and their condition while abroad it is necessary to point out their general industrial status and the principal occupations followed by them before emigrating from their native countries. This is done in the following series of tables, the first of which shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming to this country.

TABLE 12.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of the total number of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, 60 per cent had been working for wages abroad, 27 per cent had been working without wages. Working for wages was the most common industrial condition of the males of each specified race, excepting the Croatian and the North Italian. The greatest proportion of the latter had worked without wages. Relatively large proportions of the Croatians and Slovenians had worked for profit.

The following table shows the principal occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, and is presented according to race of individual:

TABLE 13.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of the total number of foreign-born males who were at least 16 years of age when they came to the United States, 60 per cent had previously worked for wages. Twenty-seven and three-tenths per cent had been farm laborers working for wages and 12.5 per cent had been in copper mining. The Croatians, Finns, Magyars, Poles, and Slovenians, who worked for wages, were commonly farm laborers. The English and Swedish were commonly in copper mining. The Norwegians also show a relatively large proportion of those working for wages in copper mining, but the largest proportion of these were in the hand trades. Of the 27 per cent working without wages were farm laborers. Nine and two-tenths per cent of the total number were farm laborers working for profit.

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The table next submitted shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.

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