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CHAPTER V.

GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.

Citizenship-Ability to speak English-[Text Tables 85 to 89 and General Tables 61 to 63].

CITIZENSHIP.

The extent to which the immigrant employees have attained to citizenship, as well as their interest in acquiring citizenship, is set forth in the series of tables next submitted. The first table, which immediately follows, shows by race the present political condition of foreign-born male employees who had been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.

TABLE 85.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

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Of the 1,320 males included in the preceding table, 40.9 per cent are fully naturalized and 31.8 per cent have first papers only, leaving 27.3 per cent who have manifested no interest in civic affairs. Of the several races for whom percentages are computed the German shows the largest and the Croatian the smallest proportion who are fully naturalized, while the French Canadian shows the largest and the Croatian again the smallest proportion who have first papers only. The tendency of mine workers of foreign birth to acquire citizenship after designated periods of residence in this country is set forth in the table next presented, which shows by years in the United States and race the present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States.

TABLE 86.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of 1,320 males studied in the above table, 40.9 per cent are fully naturalized and 31.8 per cent have first papers only, leaving 27.3 per cent manifesting no interest in civic affairs. A larger proportion of males with a period of residence covering ten years or over in the United States than of those with a period of residence of from five to nine years are fully naturalized.

ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.

The extent to which employees of foreign birth and of non-Englishspeaking races have acquired the ability to speak English is set forth according to race in the table next submitted.

TABLE 87.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.]

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Of the total number of male employees included in the above table, 52.7 per cent speak English. All of the Germans reporting and over 95 per cent each of the French Canadians and Norwegians speak English. Comparing these races with the races of more recent immigration, it will be seen that the latter show a much smaller proportion who speak English. Less than 50 per cent each of the Croatians, Finns, Lithuanians, and Magyars speak English, and the proportion for the North Italians, South Italians, Poles, and Sloveníans is not largely in excess of 50 per cent.

In the following table a comparison of the ability to speak English is made of foreign-born male employees of non-English-speaking races according to age at time of coming to the United States and race:

TABLE 88.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.]

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The preceding table shows that of 3,513 male employees from whom information was secured 97.5 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States can speak English. Of employees who were 14 years of age or over at time of landing, 49.4 per cent can speak English, while of the total number reporting irrespective of age at time of coming to this country, 52.7 per cent are able to speak English. The French Canadian, German, and North Italian employees show 100 per cent of those who were

under 14 years of age at time of coming to this country who can speak English, while somewhat over 90 per cent of the Finnish and 80 per cent of the Croatian employes have this ability. Of employees who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, the Germans show 100 per cent who can speak English. The French Canadians show over 90 per cent, while the other races given show considerably smaller proportions, the Finns showing only 34.7 per cent who are able to speak English.

The relation between the period of residence in this country_and the ability of members of non-English-speaking races to speak English is exhibited in the table next presented. It shows, by years in the United States and race, the percentage of foreign-born male employees who speak English.

TABLE 89.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all nonEnglish-speaking races.]

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Of 3,513 foreign-born male employees, 25.8 per cent who have been in the United States under five years can speak English, 60.6 per cent with a residence of from five to nine years, and 87.1 per cent who have been in the United States ten years or over can speak English, while 52.7 per cent of all foreign-born male employees reporting can speak English. Of the foreign-born employees who have been in the United States under five years, the French Canadians show the highest per cent who can speak English, followed by Swedes and Slovenians in very much smaller proportions, while North Italians, Croatians, and Finns show a percentage considerably smaller than that of the last-mentioned races. Germans show no persons in this group who can speak English. Of foreign-born employees with a residence of from five to nine years, the French Canadians show the highest percentage and the Finns the lowest percentage who can speak English, while in the group of employees who have been in the United States ten years or over, the Germans and the Slovenians show 100 per cent who can speak English and the Finns only 71.5 per cent who have this ability. In the totals, German employees show 100 per cent, the French Canadians over 95 per cent, and the Swedes over 80 per cent, while the North Italians and the Slovenians exhibit considerably over 50 per cent and the Croatians and the Finnish considerably under 50 per cent who are able to speak English.

GENERAL TABLES.

I. GENERAL SURVEY OF THE COPPER MINING AND SMELTING INDUSTRY: TABLES 1-50.

II. COPPER MINING AND SMELTING IN MICHIGAN: TABLES 51-63.

III. COPPER MINING AND SMELTING IN TENNESSEE: TABLES 64–76.

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