the face and faculties. The term "architectural" is used in its broadest and most comprehensive sense. Whatever exists is built and has a form; not a particle of any sort whatsoever is found with. out form and without combination with some acid, gas, ether, or solid substance; thus it is architectural. In works of art the same principle applies. In dramatic composition, in works of fiction, and in the sermons of the preacher, the same mechanical constructive principle prevails.

THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

In entering upon the investigation of the brain and nervous system, I shall depart from the usual methods employed by writers on this subject, and, instead of giving cuts representing the interior of the brain, which can afford the reader no clue as to its functions, I shall devote my space to a discussion of its origin as exhibited in the lowest forms of animal life, and then describe its appearance in the exterior of the organism by facial and bodily indications. Anatomists, in dissecting the brain, are almost entirely in the dark as to the use and connection of the several parts of the brain with the various organs of the body. With the exception of being able to trace the course of the optic, auditory, olfactory, and facial nerves to their origin in the brain, the functional action of the several portions of the brain are still as great a mystery as ever. Very recent observers have mapped out on different parts of the cerebral hemispheres certain areas which are thought to be the representatives of certain mental faculties. The faculty of language is thought to have its representative in one of the frontal convolutions, and this convolution is found in a rudimentary stage only in the anthropoids, but fully developed in man, the only creature endowed with the capacity for perfect language. Other areas of the brain are thought to be the locale of other faculties, but as yet these are not firmly established. Yet I believe that every function, as well as every faculty, must be represented in the brain and have "a local habitation" in that organ,

FIG. 11.-HERBERT SPENCER.

Brain and Nerve System supreme.

where all sensation is wrought into consciousness and translated into thought and emotion.

The face, read scientifically, will give the clue to the right analysis of the various parts of the brain, and any anatomist who will take as a basis of investigation the evolution of the organ systems of the body, as shown by Haeckel in his "Evolution of Man," can trace the connection between the organs of the body and the several parts of the brain. My understanding of the brain is that it is functional of the entire organism, and not an organ acting independently, but affected by morbid or abnormal conditions of the blood and visceral organs. I believe that all parts of the body have representation in the brain, and that these representations are localized.

My researches have led me to the conclusion that size of the brain alone is not the proof of great mental power nor of the lack of it; that its form and congenital or inherited quality are the two most potent factors in deciding its power; also that a proportionate and normal degree of physiological development of the body, as well as of the brain, is far more influential in deciding mentality than size of the brain alone; but the question of size and form I will postpone until I come to the consideration of the "Sub-Basic Principles."

In tracing the course of the evolution of the brain and nerve system, the history of the development of the lower animal organisms is most instructive, and the physiognomist, if he desires to be truly scientific, must go back to the earliest and lowest animals in the scale of creation and note the gradual development or evolution of the nerves and brain.

The first sense-organ was the outer skin-covering, long before any bodily organs had evolved, as in the case of the Zoöphites, Infusoria, Corallines, and Polypi, and other low forms of animal life. The bodies of these creatures are composed of a hollow globe or tube, with an opening at one end. Their entire construction consists only of an inner and an outer skin, with a row of cells between. All knowledge of the outer world comes to these creatures entirely through the sense of touch or feeling, and the outer skincovering is their only sense-organ, therefore their only mental organ. It is necessary before we proceed that this expression should be explained. All mental power is based on sensation, and sensation is therefore the origin of thought. We have more senses than five, as I think I have proven in the preceding pages; but these five even are dependent upon their ability to receive sensations. Let the optic nerve become paralyzed and no impression of material objects is received by the brain.

The sense of touch, which was the first sense-organ of the mind, is, in the human organism, the most diffused sense, as it extends over the entire body, and its use is to man what it was in the lowest animal-a means of self-protection; for "without touch," says Taine, "nothing could exist." Haeckel, in his "Evolution of Man," tells us how the sense-organs, such as those of sight, hearing, taste, and smell came to be more acute than other senses. He remarks:

Later on in evolution this outer skin, which had become especially sensitive, gradually withdrew into the shelter of the interior of the body, and there laid the first foundation of a central nervous organ. As differentiation advanced the distance and distinction between the external skincovering and the central nervous system detached from this became continually greater, and finally the two were permanently connected by the conductive peripheric nerves.*

In corroboration of the statement that the mind, or sensation (which is one and the same thing), had its origin in the outer skincovering of the earliest animal organisms, I may mention one law of scientific physiognomy. It is stated thus: "Texture of the skin is significant of mental quality." We find by observation that the finer the skin or hair of animals, the greater their degree of sensation and intelligence. Compare, for example, the coat of the stupid, brutal bear, with that of the dog, the horse, and deer, and we shall see that fineness of texture is indicative of sensitiveness of the nervous system, and therefore of mental power, all along the line of mental development. When we wish to discern the quality of mental power in the human being, we must look to the fineness of the skin and hair and brightness of the eye, as well as to the fineness and thinness of the finger-nails.

The brightness of the eye is caused by two things: In the first place, a fine, thin skin will give a corresponding bright sclerotic and retina to the eye. A bright eye is never seen in combination with a very coarse, thick skin. The second cause of brightness of the eye is occasioned by the quality and expansion of the optic nerve. Where the skin is fine and thin the nerves of sense will be correspondingly of high quality and activity, and this in connection with the thin covering of the eye gives the brightness and vivacity which are observed in the mentally-gifted person, but which is absent in the dull and stupid.

Compare the eye of the hog with that of the deer or dog; the eye of a Spencer with that of Daniel Lambert, the celebrated fat man, and you will have proof of this statement. When any doubt exists as to the character or interpretation of appearances,

* Evolution of Man, Ernst Haeckel, vol. ii, p. 196.

an "interrogation of Nature" will give us all the proof required, and nowhere is evidence more plentiful and convincing than in our animal ancestors. The following is from the pen of Mr. Haeckel, and I quote it as throwing light on the law given above, viz., that texture of the skin is indicative of quality. Mr. Haeckel observes:

Let us turn aside from these very interesting features in evolution and examine the development of the later human skin-covering, with its hairs, sweat-glands, etc. Physiologically, this outer covering plays a double part. The skin, in the first place, forms the general protective covering which covers the whole surface of the body, and protects all other parts. As such it, at the same time, affects a certain change of matter between the body and the surrounding atmosphere, viz., perspiration or skin-breathing. In the first place, the skin is the oldest and primitive sense-organ, the organ of touch which affects the sensation of the surrounding temperature and of the pressure and resistance of bodies with which it comes in contact. Those organs of our bodies which discharge the highest and most perfect functions of animal life, those of sensation, volition, thought-the organs of the Psyche -or mental life, arise from the external skin-covering.*

Now that I have laid before you the testimony of one of the most eminent scientists in the world as to the origin of mind, and as the comprehension of this origin is essential to our knowledge of physiognomy, I will pass on to other features of the brain and nervous system, considering them as one system, differing only in their modes of action by reason of their differences of locality.

The law in regard to the identification of the nature of a function is formulated thus: "Similarity of structure shows similarity of function." Now, brain-substance and nerve-substance are exactly alike, and show no difference of structure under the microscope, therefore we must conclude that their purpose is a common one. The office of the nerves is to receive and convey sensations to the brain, where they are received and in some way, now unknown, manufactured into intelligence or consciousness. Nerves are the instruments which convey the knowledge of what is transpiring in the several organs of the body, and in the organs of sense, to the brain; this is their portion of the labor of the mind.

The part of the labor performed by the brain is, as before stated, the making of these feelings and sensations into consciousness; two acts of one system which are essential to its perfect operation, viz., sensation or feeling, and thought or intelligence. The brain acts as a receiving and recording station; the body with its various organs being the manufactory, so to say, where nearly all mental efforts are created by the action of the several organs

Evolution of Man, vol. ii, p. 199

and functions of the body. These efforts, which we denominate mechanical, artistic, domestic, etc., are performed, as I have shown, by the muscles, the bones, the nerves, the glands, etc., and by the vegetative faculties and functions. The signs for the predominance of the brain and nervous system are a pyriform or pear-shaped face, relatively large head, especially high above the ears, broad and full forehead, bright eyes, relatively small nose, small and thin hands and feet, and thin nails, thin nostrils and lips, small bones and muscles, slim neck, and small abdomen, with quick motions and rapidity of speech. Persons of this formation are earnest, excitable, acute, delicate, spirituelle and sensitive in feeling, highstrung, sparkling and bright, and the emotions, such as love, pity, fear, and imagination, are very easily excited. They also suffer and enjoy intensely. The faculty of reason is dominant, and the capacity for mathematical labor is in many cases of the highest.

The brain is a soft, pulpy mass, and is composed of "sixty per cent. of carbon, ten per cent. of hydrogen, two per cent. of nitrogen, and nine-tenths of one per cent. of phosphorus." This exhibit of the elements of brain-matter shows that brain without a good share of bone in combination is a curse instead of a blessing. Carbon is the element which prevails most extensively in the vegetative system, and in the brain we find sixty per cent. of the same material. I have shown that where there is a good bony system lime in its several forms enters largely into its composition. Not only does it enter into the solid structure of the bone, but it is also found in a fluid state in the juices and tissues of the body. Now, if the blood is heavily charged with lime, it will be carried to the brain in larger quantities than where there is less of this element in combination. This explains why bony men have more solid, substantial, and practical intellects than those with a larger brain system and smaller bones. Those with the brain system predominating over all others are opinionated, changeable, and approbative, sometimes vain, almost always pure-minded, and, if of fine quality, desirous of the good of others; but where the other systems of the body are in good proportion the most happy results follow. Such a one was Washington. In him all the five organ systems were harmoniously blended, and all were of high quality. There can be a large development of any given system with poor quality. Size alone, as I shall show, is not the measure of power; but size and quality combined, as in Washington, give the most eminent talent and ability.

It will occur to all thoughtful persons that an excess of the brain system, like an excess of any other system, is a source of weakness and disease, and that as a perfected brain is the highest