getting of food. Accordingly we find that the order observed in the lowest forms of animal development, as shown by geology and evolution, was in the following manner: First, the chemical or vegetative; second, the thoracic or breathing power; third, the evolution of the muscular system; fourth, the bony system; fifth, the perfected brain and nerve system. All through these various growths and developments (which doubtless took millions of years to complete) the brain and nervous system had gradually developed. As each animal organism took on a more and more complex organization, a more complex nervous system and larger brain was necessitated. When muscles were developed, as we find in the body and legs of Amphibia, the intelligence essential to their use was evolved simultaneously. When the bony system became per

Osseous System dominant.

fected, a higher quality of cerebral power was exhibited. The perfecting of a true bony system marked a great advance in the animal, not only by reason of the substantial quality of the constituents which enter into its composition, but when an organism has arisen to the grade of development which is marked by the possession of a perfected osseous system we find that there is a higher quality of both body and mind, as we shall learn later on.

But we do not find the highest degree of mental power until we reach the order Mammalia, which is endowed with a more perfect reproductive system as compared with the lower methods of reproduction, viz., by fission, gemmation or egg-multiplication. The higher and more complex method of mammal reproduction demands more intelligence in the rearing of the young and for the getting of food and other purposes of the animal.

Hence we find in the order Mammalia, which includes both our wild and domestic animals, as well as Man, a far higher grade of intelligence than is observed in all the lower races-the fishes, reptiles, and birds. Now, what is the logic of this correlated development? We find that as physical functions have evolved, intelligence has increased; that mentality has associated itself with the physical functions; that a creature endowed with wings is more intelligent than a simple jelly-fish. We must, therefore, deduce

the theory that physical functions and mental faculties are in close relation to each other, and if by observation we can ascertain which functions and faculties are connected, then we have all that is necessary to discern character, simply by observing the physical development of any order, species, or individual.

In the preceding remarks it was stated that the greatest advance in the intelligence of animal organisms was made simultaneously with a more perfected reproductive system. In the human family, the most developed and perfected races will be found to possess a developed reproductive system. All the great creative artists, such as poets, painters, actors, authors and sculptors, are developed men and women; that is to say, are well sexed; and this development is the base of creative talent. This function and faculty have been wholly misunderstood and their office and action. not at all comprehended in their entirety. A reference to the faces of all our great creative minds will show the sign for Amativeness and the reproductive system to be well defined; and this is another fact proving the relation of physical functions to mental faculties.

The osseous or bony system (Fig. 10) is known by height, large joints and bones, high cheek-bones, and projection of the lower part of the forehead over and beyond the eyes; prominent and broad chin; large, bony hands; long, flat, bony feet; prominent joints and knuckles; tips of the fingers inclined to the square form as distinguished from the oval or tapering form of the muscular system; and relatively small, angular head, rising high above the

ears.

There are six classes of bones to the meaning of which the physiognomist must pay strict attention. To those unused to the close observation essential to discerning these slight variations of structure, they may seem trivial and unimportant, but let me say that in Nature's broad domain there is no form insignificant, no matter how minute. How much more important must every slight variation of form observed in the human face be when we reflect that in it are to be read the physical, moral, and mental traits of the individual, together with all his individual peculiarities, as well as "all the traits of all his ancestors," as Emerson aptly remarks!

"To despise the minute in Nature is to despise the infinite," and so we shall come to the study of the following-named classes of bones with increased understanding of the close observation which the several variations of the bony structure demand.

Classified and combined as follows, they have a pregnant meaning:

It will be observed by reference to the above that there are six simple formations of the bones, each indicating something distinct from the others. The adjective employed to describe each form will reveal to the reader its condition without elaborate description. I have never found that nature crooked which was produced by combination of the straight with the square form of bone. This combination produces and denotes the most solid character, and as it is composed of a rocky material, viz., lime, and shaped in the most enduring form, it is, we might say, incapable of becoming crooked.

The nature of bone gives solidity, firmness, and integrity to the organism, but where it is crooked by Nature, then this signal is thrown out to tell the observer the character of the individual. Where the bones are round and small, the character possesses less firmness and integrity, less capacity for endurance and resistance; but it exhibits ability to execute curved motions, as in gestures, writing, dancing, etc., and to produce curved or circular work with tools; hence such persons are adapted to art-work. They are like the animals which exhibit similar formations, such, for example, as the mole, squirrel, and beaver. These are all highly artistic in the constructions of their dwellings, and have round bones, and are quite skillful architects. They are also playful, lively, and fond of motion, and all possess the combination of round muscles with round bones; while horses and several species of dogs exhibit square bones combined with round muscles, and these animals exhibit less artistic talent than the former, but more of the moral, solid, reliable, teachable and practical traits of character.

There are several causes in Nature which assist in forming and developing a good bony system. These are, first, water, in which lime is a large constituent; next, a diet of grains, into which lime enters in the shape of its phosphates. These grains are grown in a soil from which the phosphatic elements are extracted by the grain through chemical action in the process of growth. The next influence favoring bone development is exercise in the sunlight.

In this exhibit of what constitutes bone, we observe that the most substantial material in Nature enters largely into its

composition. The very material of which rocks are made is found, upon analysis, in the bones of man as well as in those of the higher animals; hence it follows that those in whom the bony system is dominant will be the most reliable and trustworthy. The bony system is composed mainly of lime in two forms-the carbonate of lime and the phosphate of lime; these two materials form the solid part of the bones. It is found also in the teeth, muscles, blood, and cartilages; in the gastric juice, the blood, and secretions, it is in the fluid form. In the bones, teeth, and cartilages, it assists in making them firm and solid. The enamel of the teeth, which is the hardest substance in the body, is composed mainly of the phosphate and carbonate of lime, and in the ivory of the teeth these form a large part of the constituents. In the bones, more than one-half is found to be composed of these two forms of lime. It is lime which gives to the bones their firmness and solidity. If we were to soak a bone in a mixture of muriatic acid and water we should dissolve from it all the mineral ingredients and leave nothing but the animal constituents, and should then find it so soft and flexible that, if we were to treat one of the long bones of the body in this manner, we could tie it up in knots just as we can a rope.

Lime is found in the various grains, in milk, and in lean meat. Salt is another useful element, not only in the bones but in the several tissues. In connection with water it is found in every portion of the body,-in the bones, tissues, and the various fluids and secretions, and is necessary in digestion, where it assists by chemical action the various processes of assimilation. The taste for salt is, therefore, natural and necessary. The taste for pepper is not natural, inasmuch as that is not found in any part of the body, and has no use in the human economy. Black pepper is highly indigestible and inflammatory. There is no similarity between these two constituents. Pepper induces disorders of the stomach and kidneys, and should be used like all spices, for a remedy and not for food, as it cannot be digested like salt. Salt, lime, and water are found in every part of the body, and are natural and necessary to health and life. Salt we derive from the air and water; lime comes to us in our food in grains, fruits, etc., and if we use them as Nature has provided we shall rebuild our blood, bones, muscles, nerves, and brain with the materials which they require for their replenishing; but if we cast out the phosphates of lime and the carbonates, as we do in making fine white bread, we shall have nothing to assist the repair of the bones, muscles, nerves, and brain, since the phosphates are rejected by this mode of preparation. A man would starve in a

short time were he fed on foods deprived of lime and salt; neither would he exist on a diet which did not contain starch or animal fats, and fat is created both from animal and vegetable foods, as chemical analysis shows.

This exhibit of the composition of the bony structure informs us at once why it is that those who possess large and strong bones are more firm, persevering, reliable, and honest than those with smaller and weaker ones. The more fluid lime dissolved in the blood which goes to make up the solid parts of the organs, such as the heart, the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, etc., the more integrity and strength will these tissues and organs possess. A comparison of the animals in which the bony system predominates, with those in whom the fat and muscle are in excess, will give us a correct idea as to how the bones are related to integrity and stability. If honesty were a sentiment merely, something which could be taught, then the one best taught on this subject would have the most reliable character, but we know full well that some are more naturally honest than others. We know that some have more ability for music or painting than others, and we find by observation that those who are skillful in music, etc, are so mainly by virtue of an organism which fits them for this art; that some are musicians without instruction, while others are not able to be taught because they are lacking in the proper construction of body; in short, they have not the right muscular development for this purpose.

A comparison of the highest and most useful animals-the horse, the dog, the camel, and ox-with the rhinoceros, the hog, the coon, the skunk, the porcupine, the panther, and tiger, will show us a physiological combination as distinct as is that of the mental and moral characteristics of each class. The rhinoceros and hog, by reason of their excess of fat, are too vegetative to be either moral or intelligent. The mole, the coon, the skunk, the porcupine, the cat, the rat, etc., have relatively small bones and large muscles, and they are suited to slyness, skulking, deception, and craft,-to live in the shade and prey upon others. While the bones of these creatures are hardly perceptible, their bodies are sleek, sinuous, graceful, and quick-motioned, and they are quite artistic in some of their habits,-the beaver and mole, for example, building their houses on excellent architectural and artistic principles. Now compare the camel, with his great, homely, ungainly, bony structure, and his fidelity and usefulness, docility and intelligence; compare him with the graceful, gliding, sleek-looking tiger; compare the bony ox, with his great joints, his patient and useful ways, with the hog; compare the horse, with his bones