ward exercise must keep up the natural tone and vigor of the system. The muscles of a dwarf might dominate his bony system, I should then classify him among muscular men.

Observation of the faces and forms of all eminent artists will give all the proof needed on this point. It will be seen that they possess large, wide-open eyes with arched eyebrows, the bones small at the joints and the fingers tapering-every part and member disclosing a rounder appearance than where the bony system predominates. For when Nature creates an artist the hands and feet are those of an artist, and agree with the shape of the head, the face, and body; all alike are artistic, and the physiognomist is able to discern this character in the hands and fingers, in the shape of the finger-nails, as well as in the features of the face and roundness of the body.

The following description of the various powers of the muscles. in the human organism will give some idea of the mechanical and artistic principles included in the action of the muscular system. The human body combines within itself almost all the principles of natural mechanical forces; for instance, the arch in the thorax, shoulder, and hip; the different lever powers in the action of the muscles upon the bones, one principle of which is well illustrated in the action of the biceps muscle in flexing the arm; so, also, in the flexors generally, namely, that in which the force is applied between the weight and the fulcrum. Second, the action of the triceps muscles on the ulna in extending the forearm is an instance of a lever power where the fulcrum is between the force and the weight. Third, the example of a lever applied to a weight between the fulcrum and the force may be seen in the action of the abductus magnus muscle of the thigh in abducting the femur. The different joints are well illustrated in the ball-and-socket joint in the hip and shoulder; the hinge-joint in the elbow, ankle, and knee. We have also joints with lateral motions as well as with flexion and extension, in the wrist; a joint with a gliding motion, as in the temporo-maxillary and sterno-clavicular articulations. Then we have the mixed joints, as in the articulation of the sacrum to the iliac bones in the vertebræ, and in the immovable joints, such as the sutures, etc. We have also the different principles of valves in the heart and veins, and in the pylorus between the stomach and the duodenum, and the representation of a pulley in the action of the superior oblique muscle in rotating the eye.

These are some of the mechanical forces which inhere in and regulate the several parts of the muscular system; other principles will be shown in other systems of the body as we reach them in their proper order.

The action of the muscular system gives ability for artistic, emotional, literary, religious, and executive effort. The faculties that have signs located in this division and that depend mainly upon the muscles for their power, are the following, viz., Cautiousness, Sanativeness, Force, Resistance, Secretiveness, Imitation, Sublimity, Human Nature, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Self-will, Credenciveness, Prescience, Observation, Memory of Events, Weight, Calculation, Locality, Music, and Language.

Magnetism is a force belonging exclusively to the muscular system. The most magnetic orators and those persons endowed with power to heal through magnetism are very muscular, and have either size or fine quality of the muscles or both combined. The animals that exhibit magnetic power are also muscular. I suppose that the mineral constituents of muscle must be, those which create magnetism. But this branch of science-histologyis yet in its infancy, and it is hoped that further experiment will give us more accurate demonstration of the laws and principles governing animal magnetism and its uses.

From the preceding exhibit of the varied powers of muscular action, it will be seen that this system belongs to the Architectural Division of the organization, and, in combination with the osseous or bony system, which will next be treated of, constitutes the building powers and capacities of man. Individuals in whom these two systems are well defined are constructive, often artistic, religious, emotional, and amative, and, with a suitable brain in combination, excel in literature as novelists, actors, dramatic writers, etc. Many highly emotionally-religious persons are found to be endowed with a fine quality of muscle. It does not follow that they are moral, also. Emotion in excess is opposed to morality; yet at the same time it assists ardor, zeal, faith, and imagination. In those races that exhibit the most Credenciveness-that is to say, the most faith and belief-there will be found the predominance of the muscular over the bony system, as, for example, in the Hebrew, the Turk, the Persian, the Arabian, the Mongol, the Celt, and the Hindoo; and what is true of races applies with equal force to individuals. Those in whom this system predominates are apt to be contrary (not obstinate), changeable, and shifting in moods and tempers, affectionate and amative, with plenty of physical courage, adepts in commercial life and in mystic religions, preferring one in which faith is a leading principle. They make good companions in marriage, as domesticity is one of their ruling tastes, are also social, fond of gay, sportive companions and athletic pursuits, enjoy bathing and swimming and liquid foods, such as soups, milk, soda, lemonade, etc. However, they should

never indulge in intoxicants, as, having great power of assimilation, strong liquors will cause them to become dangerous and destructive.

The diseases which assail the muscular system are derangements of the liver, acute rheumatism, dumb ague, bilious colic, cramps, softening of the brain, muscular exhaustion, and valvular disease of the heart,-all consequent on too great exercise or emotion, to which the system is liable.

An early training in morality and the rights of others is highly essential, for suffering, disgrace, and an early death often follow the unrestricted indulgence of the temper and the tastes which accompany this system-where it is greatly in the ascendant.

The most eminent men of ancient and modern times have been noted for a fine development of the muscular system. In ancient Greece the Isthmian, Nemean, and Olympian games were national, and large numbers of the citizens trained for the periodical exhibition of athletic sports. Even the women and children had their own gymnasia and baths, and at no time in the world's history has the human figure, particularly the female figure, attained such perfection as in ancient Greece. A close observation of the statues of the classic sculptors will disclose the development of certain muscles about the female waist and abdomen which are not to be found in the modern woman. The disuse of these muscles has caused an atrophy or shrinking of them, and modern women are, without exception, born with waists too small, and entirely changed from the normal type and standard. The lines of the body should curve outward from the bust to the hips. In modern women this form is completely reversed.

The more we investigate man physiologically, the more is the conclusion forced upon us that the dominant systems of man's organism control and guide his acts and capacities. It was by ignoring the investigation of man's physical powers and functions that we were so long deprived of a practical method of studying the mind of man. But the instrumentalities for such research were not in existence until recently, as, for example, the microscope and chemical discoveries. A complete revolution in the science of Human Nature must ensue before we can comprehend the motives and character of man. Herbert Spencer, in his essay on education, remarks:

Without acquaintance with the general truths of biology and psychology, rational interpretation of social phenomena is impossible.

And he also says:-

The actions of individuals depend upon the laws of their natures, and .their actions cannot be understood until these laws are understood.

Now, the theories of the ancient metaphysicians were not founded on an intimate knowledge of either physiology or the laws of mind, as revealed by investigation of either bony, muscular, or brain and nerve systems. They were most of them simply speculative theories which had no basis in fact and no foundation in reality. They were like the loves of the poets,--creatures of the imagination merely.

If we desire to advance in exact knowledge of real human nature we must cast out the ancient dogmas, which, venerable as they may be, are untrustworthy. We must, instead, interrogate Nature face to face. First learn the facts, then manufacture the theory in accordance therewith. Formerly, the method was to construct an abstruse theory couched in incomprehensible terms, and let the facts shift for themselves. Then the necessity for faith and belief arose, and was at one time considered the crowning virtue of human character. Now, childish credulity is looked upon in adults with a pitying eye, and we feel both sorrow and contempt for him who is too weak or too cowardly to grapple with the truths of Nature lest they overthrow some time-honored error which he is cherishing.

"For Faith, fanatic Faith, once wedded fast
To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last."

When we wish to understand the emotions which play so important a part in the drama of life we must look to the physiological and anatomical development of individuals and races, for it is to the muscular system mainly that we are indebted for the power to manifest will, emotion, and expression, both of the face and body. The great number and variety of the muscles of the face alone, where expression is most manifest, will vouch for the truth of this statement. The eye alone expresses more feeling, will, mental energy and capacity than all the other muscles combined. I do not say that it performs more labor, but that it expresses more of the physical and mental characteristics of the individual than any other portion of the muscular system, and the reason why it does this is explained by the fact that the eye is a mass of muscles. Added to this power is the fact that the optic nerve also finds its centre and seat here. The eye not only brings the world into the mind of the individual, but also shows to the world the will of the man as he stands revealed before our gaze. The muscles of the eye and the optic nerve bring to us the bulk of the knowledge which we acquire. It is true that we can feel heat and cold; we can taste, smell, hear, and touch without the use of our visual organs, but the world of form, of architecture, is unknown without this sense. The sense of color and the knowledge of form bring.

to us our most useful and practical acquirements, and to the use of the muscular system are we indebted for much that is practical and necessary; hence, the importance of endowing our offspring with a good share of this system. It is a fine inheritance to leave them. It can be improved by food and exercise, rightly applied, and those who make gymnastic exercises a daily duty and pleasure are laying up a store of goodness, which, whether they desire it or not, will be transmitted to future generations, and "thus do our deeds follow us."

When we examine the nature of muscle we find that although it is powerful in expressing emotions, it is wanting in feeling, in sensitiveness. Hence we find that muscular people, although able to express emotion, have very little of that keenness of sensation which those have who are endowed with a fine nervous organization. Emotion is not sensation, and thus it is that often those who seem to feel the most, in reality feel the least. If one could cut a muscle without striking a nerve there would be little, if any, feeling experienced. It is only by analyzing the constituents and nature of the several systems in the body that we are able to give to each its own appropriate share of work.

This method enables us to relieve the brain of a large share of the labor which former theories of the mind have ascribed to it. Hitherto it has been a poor overworked organ. If the brain is capable of all the labor which has been assigned to it by metaphysicians, of what use, I ask, are the several ganglia, the plexuses, the muscles, and the visceral organs? We must either divide the labor equitably or declare the utter inability of the last mentioned to assist mental manifestations.

THE OSSEOUS OR BONY SYSTEM.

Observation of the order of progressive development in the lower animals shows that a perfected bony system was the result of life upon land and in the open air. As soon as the Amphibia had ceased their life in the water, a race of animals was evolved from them which, instead of using air-vessels for the purposes of respiration, developed a true lung system that was no longer suited to life in the water. This necessitated a great many other changes in the anatomy and physiology of animal life. A heart and bloodvessel system became necessary, as the lungs and heart are correlated and essential to the existence of each other. A strong and true bony system became also a necessity in place of the cartilaginous one of the fish tribes. This strong bony system was needed to which to attach the muscles, as life on the land required a better muscular system for purposes of locomotion and for the