cerned, cannot be distinguished from the contents of all active forms of cells. (See Fig. 3.) The amœba is capable of spontaneous motion, both as regards change of external form and of progressing from place to place. Motions may also be evoked by various stimuli; hence free protoplasm, in common with muscular fibre and ciliated organisms, is contractile.

The peculiarity of protoplasmic motion as seen in the amoeba is that motion does not occur around a fixed point, but rather is a flowing motion, such as might occur in the particles of a fluid. Thus, in an amoeba the changes in form and location are effected through the thrusting out of lobelike prolongations of the periphery (pseudopodia) and their subsequent withdrawal or the flowing into these extensions of the remainder of the body.

Occasionally one or more of these pseudopodia become gradually more and more constricted, until finally a portion becomes entirely separated from the original mass, increases in size, and itself possesses all the properties. of the parent stock; hence protoplasm is reproductive, and possesses the power of growth. Moreover, the movements of an amoeba are not necessarily the consequences of external stimuli, but may be self-originating; hence protoplasm is also automatic. If watched for some time an amoeba will often be seen to take into its interior by flowing around them small vegetable organisms, of which portions are dissolved and converted into the substance of its body, while the undigested remainder is extruded; therefore, protoplasm, even in the absence of all digestive organs, possesses the power of nutrition. The amoeba requires for its existence an atmosphere of oxygen, which is absorbed, and which it again partly exhales as carbon dioxide. Protoplasm is, therefore, respiratory.*

The above clear and explicit statement of cell-powers shows that the common basis of mind-organization is present in the simplest forms of organized life. In this phase of existence the animal appears to be stomach all over; formless, yet possessing all the possibilities of form; unorganized, yet exhibiting all the attributes of organization, viz., capacity for motion, reproduction, growth, secretion, excretion, respiration, and digestion. In this stage it seems to be a chemical compound, merely; the rudimentary stage of all organic life is mainly chemical, yet possessing as we have seen all the "potencies and possibilities" of architectural and mathematical development. The primitive germ of the human embryon is nothing more at its inception than a minute mass of non-nucleated protoplasm, yet possesses all the properties of mind which in its developed state may exhibit the transcendent genius of an Humboldt or a Newton. It is hence important that we should study the primitive origin of man, in order that we may comprehend the physical basis of his mind. It is to further this purpose that I have introduced the preceding description of the Amoeba.t

* Physiology of the Domestic Animals, Robert Meade Smith, pp. 11-14. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

A study of embryology or of the evolution of man would be most advantageous to the student who desires a thorough knowledge of this most interesting phase of mental development. My limits forbid further elaboration here.-THE AUTHOR.

The lowest animal organisms exist in and upon watery or fluid nutriment; and man in his embryonic state, while he is developing from his protoplasmic condition, as well as for months after his birth, lives upon fluid nutriment.

The native Australian is a fair sample of this stage of evolu tion. Of course, the germs of all the five systems are present in the lowest types of man, but in this stage of development they lack both size and quality, and are not perfected as in perfected races. The other systems of functions, and many faculties now seen in combination with the vegetative, have been very largely perfected since, particularly the brain and nerve system, which is

FIG. 4.-NATIVE AUSTRALIANS. (AFTER D'URVILLE.)
Showing absence of muscular tissue.

now in a more active state than ever before in the world's history. From being a stomach race we are becoming a brain race. What evolution will do for us in the ages to come it is difficult to predict. The law of pregress is always from the lower to the higher, and surely we can say of human nature that it has need of higher growth or a higher development in quality.

The next class of animals above the Amoeba is that of the Infusoria, also of microscopic proportions. Above these we find the Polyp (Fig. 5), a soft, round-bodied animal, that seems to be merely a gelatinous mass, yet with quite a distinct digestive apparatus in the form of a tube. These creatures multiply by what is termed gemmation or budding. They respire through the skin;

they have no blood-vessel system, but are supplied with a nourishing fluid analogous to the blood of higher animals.

From this stage of animal life until we reach Amphibia, a class of animals which are capable of living both in water and on land, we find no true lung or perfected breathing apparatus. To be able to inhale air is the next great step in progressive development of animal powers, and in Amphibia we observe a development of both lung and heart power. The next stage of development is shown by an increase of the muscular system. This increased power is necessitated by a life on land, as the amphibious animals seek their food on land as well as in the water; hence, they require

more muscular power to enable them

to gain a livelihood in both realms.

A life in the open air under the direct rays of the sun causes the bony structure to become perfected. A life in the water exclusively gives to the bony structure a cartilaginous or soft condition. We find in the human and animal races that those classes that have led an outdoor life for generations, as, for example, farmers, laborers, etc., have the best-developed bony structure. The animals and birds that skulk and come out mainly at night have not so good a bony system as those that live in the open air exposed to the sun. Compare the tiger, the coon, the opossum, the polecat, and skunk, with the sheep, the goat, and dog, the owl with the sparrow-hawk, etc., and we shall have a very good idea of what the sun can do in developing and perfecting a bony structure.

FIG. 5.-A POLYP. (MUCH EN-
LARGED.)

A simple animal organism.

In the plan of progressive development in the lower animals we find that the order observed is as we have indicated: First, the vegetative functions, or the ability to eat, drink, respire, secrete, reproduce, and grow; the next step is to breathe; the next is the development of the muscular system, then that of the osseous or bony system; later on, as we advance above the fish family, we find a beginning of a true brain system. Not until we arrive at the order Mammalia do we find a perfected brain and nervous system, represented first in the several races of animals, both wild and domestic. This is the order which Nature unfolds, whether we look for it in her manifestations through the long ages of pro

gressive development from the simple Amoeba up through fish, reptile, bird, and beast, to man, or whether we trace it through the embryonic life of the human being and find it written on man's face, which is the register, if we read it scientifically, of all these changes and growths. The order above described I shall follow in my exposition of the five systems of functions.

THE VEGETATIVE SYSTEM.

We observe the signs for the action of the vegetative functions in the lower part of the face mainly, the signs for the development of the animal or motive functions and faculties in the

middle range, and the highest por-
tion of the physiognomy discloses
the intuitional and the reasoning
powers.
Man's face is truly a

FIG. 6.-VEGETATIVE INFANT.

microcosm, or miniature world. How wonderful! How beautiful! How divine! It seems to me that religion can go no farther than to know the human face scientifically, and then to use this knowledge for race-improvement by intelligent and scientific methods.

If the theory of the evolution of man had never been promul gated, the human face read scientifically would have necessitated its promulgation, for the face of man proves the order of his development, and the course of embryonic life corroborates the . methods which have governed the gradual unfolding of all animal organisms, from the lowest to the highest. In the highest animal organization in the world, the first few years of life are passed with

apparently no purpose but to assimilate nutriment and grow; these fill out the infant years of the human race. The countenance in infancy is comparatively expressionless, the bony parts of the face and body are cartilaginous and scarcely perceptible owing to the amount of fatty tissue which the constant absorption of liquid food has produced. What will eventually be bone is in an almost gelatinous state; the glands are active and give a large quantity of juices which soften the tissue. The cheeks and chin are round, the nose small and depressed, the mouth large, the cheeks protuberant, the forehead small, narrow, rounding, and bulging at the centre. There is a sleepy look, with little inclination to move. The infant while in this state may be said to be in the vegetative condition, that is to say, it assimilates food, it respires, it secretes, and grows. This is precisely what all vegetable life does, only vegetables never get beyond this stage. They never develop the powers of voluntary will and motion; these require bones and muscles. The entire existence of vegetables is passed in absorbing and growing, and these functions being common alike to plant and animal existence are named vegetative.

If these functions and faculties remain dominant in adult life, then the individual is mainly vegetative, and although in the adult there are bones, muscles, and nerves, and other animal powers, still the individual thus built will be childlike as compared to those who possess more muscle and larger bones with less soft, fatty tissue. The judgment of this class in matters of literature, mathematics, and art will be defective, and the domestic faculties will be found in the ascendant.

The vegetative adult is characterized by large mouth, small, depressed nose, globular cheeks and chin, slow motions, slow pulse, large abdomen, voracious appetite, love of liquid foods, and of sleep and ease, mind free from anxiety or care, and apparent deficiency of capacity for mental effort except in the most limited degree. This class of persons is found generally with the mouth open and the eyes shut, and this is in accord with the principles upon which they are built. The stomach in this sort being more capacious than the intellect, they naturally put themselves in a position to favor their dominant powers. By keeping the eyes closed the individual is able to shut out sights which might cause ideas, and as thought is foreign to his nature and eating the highest enjoyment, he is by this attitude in a condition to favor the peculiarities of his structure.

As it is a law of human nature that we are inclined to use the faculties and functions which are most developed or strongest in us, those with this formation will be inclined to gluttony and to