duty, and are most reliable, trustworthy, and enduring. The contour of their heads and bodies indicates intelligence and resolution. Such a one is Captain Murrell, who rescued over seven hundred persons in mid-ocean from a ship which had become disabled in a storm. He received them into his own ship and cared for them until his arrival at the port of Philadelphia. His bodily build corresponds to the above description, except that he is tall as well as broad. To large Executiveness he adds large Friendship, and is chivalrous and tender to women and children. He is a fine type of his class. There are many more in his profession who present precisely the same characteristics of mind and body. (See his portrait in Chapter IV, vol. ii.) In choosing persons to act as superintendents in mines, factories, or railroads, or for business, a different form and another sort of Executiveness are required. For these purposes tall, active men having the practical faculties dominant should be selected, with a mechanical taste and capacity for criticising machinery, but not so large as to preclude activity; with moderate-sized brain, good, large lungs, and strong digestion, and with the signs for Veneration and Executiveness full. A noteworthy appearance, and one that I have often observed, is that a large number of superintendents and foremen have red or sandy hair. This appearance in such men is in accord with physiognomical law. Red-haired people (if the hair be fine) are aspiring and ambitious, as well as active and approbative; hence, they naturally seek to be first in the occupations best suited to their peculiar mental and physical organization. Water always seeks its level, according to a natural law, and human beings, impelled by the force and direction of their leading traits, gravitate to their own place in the social scale. Men of commanding intellect and force of character (even in monarchical countries) will break through all trammels, and, surmounting every obstacle with the transcending power of their genius, leap at once to the highest pinnacle of fame. Such a man was Michael Faraday, the physicist. Although born in poverty, and striving against the most adverse circumstances, he lived to become the benefactor of society, and by force, fortitude, and industry made for himself a brilliant and lasting fame. Talent and industry accomplish marvels, and prolonged industry merely without great talent will achieve great things. The history of many men who have by their own efforts risen to eminence proves that plodding and unceasing efforts in one channel often lead to great results. There is not a genius known to fame who would have been recognized as such had he not added industry to talent. Read the life of Michael Angelo, who studied anatomy eighteen years; of Titian, who painted industriously until his ninety-ninth year; of Mozart, who died of overwork at thirty-five years of age; of Sebastian Bach, who became blind from overstudy and died aged sixty-five years; and of Beethoven, the greatest of all musical geniuses, who labored all his life most industriously. Without extended and consecutive efforts these men would never have been known to the world. Men and women possessed of musical, literary, and artistic tastes require only leisure to pursue their studies and prepare themselves for greatness, but the great aggressive geniuses of the world, such as military commanders, founders of new forms of government, and great inventors, must have a will to force circumstances to give them the necessary opportunity to make their talent conspicuous. The energy and executiveness which men of great mechanical talent exhibit in order to open the way for their inventions are sometimes greater than the inventive ability displayed by their genius. In listening to the recital of the efforts which Captain James B. Eadds made in striving to influence legislation and public men, in order to get his great improvments and inventions in engineering before the people, I was struck with the perfectly herculean powers of the man's will and executiveness. His physiognomy corroborates all that my informant related. All readers of biography will certainly form the opinion that geniuses and men of great talent owe as much to their unflagging energy and habits of ceaseless industry as they do to their creative powers. From biography we learn that many if not most of the greatest minds of all ages have sprung from extreme poverty, and have conquered circumstances by the exercise of a dauntless will. There are some men who, having a taste or love for science, art, and mechanism, believe that if circumstances had favored their youth they might have brought forth some great invention, poem, painting, or musical composition, but, their youth having passed without such opportunity, they see no future in this direction for them. Of this class Francis Galton remarks thus: A prodigal nature commonly so prolongs the period when a man's receptive faculties are at their keenest that a faulty education in youth is readily repaired in after life. The education of Watt, the great mechanician, was of a merely elementary character. During his youth and manhood he was engrossed with mechanical specialties. It was not until he became advanced in years that he had leisure to educate himself, and yet by the time he was an old man he had become singularly well read and widely and accurately informed. The scholar who, in the eyes of his contemporaries and immediate successors, made one of the greatest reputations as such that any man has ever made was Julius Cæsar Scaliger. His youth was, I believe, entirely unlettered. He was in the army until he was twenty-nine, and then he led a vagrant professional life, trying everything and sticking to nothing. At length he fixed himself upon Greek. His first publications were at forty-seven, and between that time and the period of a somewhat early death he earned his remarkable reputation,-only exceeded by that of his son. People are too apt to complain of their imperfect education, insinuating that they "would have done great things "if they had been more favorably circumstanced in youth. But if their power of learning is materially diminished by the time they have discovered their want of knowledge, it is very probable that their abilities are not of a very high order, and that however well they might have been educated they would have succeeded but little better.* In the amount of energy displayed in the character of different individuals we see the moving cause of their success or non-success. One great adjunct to Executiveness is found in a vigorous thoracic system. The man who can breathe deeply and strongly is better equipped for the race in life than one whose breathing and circulation are feeble. The great breathers of the world-men with large, round bodies-are those who carry off the prizes in all active pursuits. Energy, Executiveness, and Force are derived from good eating and good breathing powers, and they materially assist deep thinking, as I have shown; and those parents who would assist the thinking powers of a child must take steps to improve his breathing powers. If parents would have their sons and daughters executive, let them, endeavor to add a couple of inches to their chest-measure instead of trying to increase the size of the brain by study, even supposing that this method could accomplish that result. I prefer the gymnastic apparatus as a means to this end. My opinion is that this apparatus should be the most important accessory to all schools, particularly of girls' schools. The mothers of the race have greater need of deep breathing and energy than the fathers, although each should try to improve the quality of both lungs and muscle. Mr. Galton tells us that Each generation has enormous power over the natural gifts of those that follow, and I maintain that it is a duty we owe to humanity to investigate the range of that power and to exercise it in a way that, without being unwise to ourselves, shall be most advantageous to future inhabitants of the earth. In order, then, to become the progenitors of executive, energetic children intending parents should commence a course of gymnastic training, develop the muscles and muscular organs,— the heart, the lungs, and stomach, as well as the digestive powers by hygienic diet. In this manner it is possible for a mother with a comparatively low nose to expand her lungs and nostrils considerably, and thus be able to produce children whose lungs and nose shall be an improvement on her own, and whose * Hereditary Genius, Francis Galton, pp. 44, 45. minds shall be far more aspiring, ambitious, executive, and commanding. Form and function are allied forces, and if we would possess high faculties we must have suitable forms, made such by high functional activity. Executiveness, or the capacity for leadership, is not confined to man. Many classes of animals evince a great deal of this faculty. Goats, sheep, deer, antelopes, and elephants have their leaders. Among children the born leader soon makes his talent known, for he is "captain," "teacher," or "umpire" of the games by general consent, while the meek, "sheepish" children follow their leader as readily as does the duck or goose. The capacity to lead, command, and execute is natural or inherited when exhibited in early life. It can be cultivated, as I have shown, by exercise of the muscles and muscular organs. Its highest manifestation in combination is found when Selfwill, Conscientiousness, and Veneration are large. Associated with large practical faculties, it gives taste and capacity for superintending mechanical enterprises. In company with literary or art faculties, it gives the disposition to dominate and enforce ideas, plans, and purposes. Executiveness, in those possessed of large oratorical powers, gives expression to bold, resolute, and magnanimous ideas; combined with large reasoning powers, Force, and Constructiveness, it creates the aggressive, strategic, and military commander. It is always more powerful in those who possess a good degree of color in the system. Those who exhibit bright eyes, pale complexions, and light hair, even with the sign of Executiveness large, will not be as forcible and vigorous in action as the darker-colored. SELF-WILL. Definition.-Volition, spontaneous decision, application, amplification; power for concentrated attention; self-government by force of will; self-confidence; the power of choosing for one's self; strength of opinions; spontaneous exercise of one's own desires; strength of will and ability to execute it. Distinguished from Firmness by its not necessarily being consecutive, Self-will is able to bring all its force to bear upon a given object or train of thought, and as readily turn all its power in another direction. It also shows by force brought to bear upon the wills of others or externally upon works of art, literature, mechanism, or other muscular pursuits. Firmness is more of an individual trait, serving to keep one firmly, perseveringly, and continuously at one plan or course of conduct. An excess leads to selfishness, contrariness, opposition, disregard of others' rights and comfort, to tyranny and overbearing conduct. In work its excess leads to prolixity and unnecessary amplification, circumlocution, and detail. A deficiency causes irresolution, timidity, cowardice, vacillation, lack of confidence in one's own powers, with no settled or strong opinions, beliefs, or convictions. Facial and Bodily Signs.-The principal facial sign for Selfwill is fullness of the muscle at the root of the nose at its junction with the forehead. It is caused by the development of muscle. Other and secondary signs are found in the general develop FIG. 85.-EX-QUEEN NATALIE OF SERVIA. Born in Russia. Principal facial sign, Self-will, shown by height of the nose at its junction with the forehead. The law of the curve and straight line governs this face. In the lower part of the countenance are observed the signs for Firmness, Conscience, Love of Home, Patriotism, Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Young, and Self-esteem well developed. The nose is long, high, and bony, showing a very positive and strong intellect. The signs for Human Nature, Ideality, Sublimity, Analysis, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are most prominent. Language, Music, Calculation, and Observation are well defined. Credenciveness, Form, and Size are marked, while the deep color of the eyes, hair. and complexion gives force, intensity, and power to all the social, domestic, and mental manifestations. ment of the muscular system, causing fullness of the muscles of the back of the neck; a curved lower jaw, as is seen in creative artists; rounding out of the sides of the forehead; large, full, convex eyes; short, rounding ear; thick, round nose; short, thick, muscular hands and muscular, tapering fingers. Where pure Self-will is lacking the nose will be depressed and narrow at the root, and the entire system will exhibit a relative lack of muscle. DESCRIPTION OF SELFWILL.-The most conspicu ous facial sign for Self-will is exhibited by height and width of the nose at the root or junction with the forehead. Inasmuch as the principal facial signs for decision and self-assertion are found situated in the muscles, and as all the behests of the will are operated mainly by means of the muscular system, and as the stronger passions and emotions are performed by the exercise of the muscles and exhibited in the face by muscular expression, I feel justified in stating that the physiological and anatomical base of this faculty is to be found in the muscular system. When we come to consider that the structure of the brain is mainly of a fibroid nature, we have in this circumstance additional evidence of the large representation |