in his own age and country a fanatic for erecting a church at Ferney, which stands to this day, with the following inscription upon it: "Erected to Goi by Voltaire."* There are many excellent characters who, like Voltaire, possess a large share of natural religion,-that is to say, who are devout in their pursuit of what is moral, and with a reverence for the truths of Nature, but not for man-made creeds. I have known many persons of excellent character, with large Veneration, who did not attend church nor respect the opinions of pope, bishop, or priest, yet in their lives were correct and moral, good citizens and parents. Some of them exhibited the possession of the loftiest traits of character, and lived up to very exalted standards. The uses of Veneration are manifold. It is essential that the teacher. preacher, foreman, boss, superintendent, governor, commander, and civil officer should possess a normal degree of this elevated trait. Unbalanced and in excess it creates bigots and fanatics, causes undue respect for kings and conformity to conserva tive governments, traditions, and ancient observances, and leads to a slavish adoration of a Supreme Being. Such people are lacking in reflection, else they would know that God does not desire to enslave his children, but rather wishes them to be freemen—made such by knowledge of His laws, which alone can free us from error and vice. Veneration is not, as some imagine, a slavish adoration of a deity or of a plurality of deities. That is a perver sion of the true use of this noble faculty, or rather its use without reason. Veneration should always be moderated by reason or subordinated to it, for without it it degenerates into many gross errors and superstitions. Lecky, in his "History of European Morals," says:— Reverence is one of those feelings which in utilitarian systems would occupy at best a very ambiguous position, for it is extremely questionable whether the great ends that have grown out of it in the form of religious superstition and political servitude have not made it a source of more unhappiness than happiness. This idea shows that it can be turned from its legitimate use and work injury to whole nations. Still, no character is truly noble or beautiful without a fair share of Veneration. Negroes, as a class, have little Veneration, and this gives them that ready and spontaneous "sauce" with which they are so generous. Their noses are exceedingly depressed at the centre. proving that the bony system is not a dominant one in them. Their religious feelings proceed almost entirely from an overdevelopment of Credenciveness, and this makes them grossly superstitious through not having reason with which to balance it. The * Combe's Lectures on Phrenology, p. 269. Mongolian races are, if possible, more superstitious than the Negro. Their noses are depressed at the centre, and in them the muscular system dominates, hence they are more emotional than reflective, more changeable than stable, and show the predominance of all the lower muscular traits. Veneration is small in many of the Oriental races, or dominated by the faculty of Credenciveness. They are all great "believers," great in "faith," in the marvelous and wonderful. Their large, wide-open eyes show that they have the muscular system in the ascendency, and also show that they have for ages been listening to the recital of wonderful and improbable stories and legends. Their religions are based on dogmas, traditions, and fables as unreal and improbable as the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." It is from the East and Orientalists that our religions, as well as most of our ideas of fairies, witches, spirits, genii, and demons, have come; and their poems, stories, and legends are filled with descriptions of gorgons, gnomes, sprites, and demons. Color here, as elsewhere in Nature, shows power. Accordingly, we find many Oriental races cruel and revengeful, as well as superstitious, amative, imaginative, and licentious, the deep color of their hair, eyes, and complexion intensifying all the pas sions and emotions. In all undeveloped people and races an excess of Credenciveness, or faith, is thought to be a religious faculty, whereas it is only a mark of an unbalanced mind and absence of practicality. True religion is shown where reason and morality hold the balance. The ability for logical argument is one attribute of this faculty, and where the nose is broad as well as high at this sign large reasoning powers may be inferred, as well as capacity for logical ratiocination. Where the nose is high and thin, like a knifeblade, the ability for reasoning is only moderate; breadth here, as elsewhere, makes known its character. The portraits of Plato, Wickliffe, Luther, Swedenborg, Kant, Calvin, Newton, Kepler, John Locke, Benjamin Franklin, George Herbert, and George and John Stephenson exhibit this faculty in a remarkable degree. The love and ability for debating upon laws and principles are also the accompaniments of breadth of the nose at the centre. In the physiognomies of all the great judicial minds of the world the width of this part of the nose, as well as of the entire nose, is most remarkable. The general breadth of body of all comprehensive minds, such as jurists, naturalists, statesmen, inventors, scientists, engineers, and astronomers, proceeds from the perfection of their digestive capacity, and the breadth of the nose at the centre of the bridge is the sign for a strong stomach,-one which digests well and easily. Most of the above-named classes are in his own age and country a fanatic for erecting a church at Ferney, stands to this day, with the following inscription upon it: "Erected to by Voltaire."* There are many excellent characters who, like Voltaire sess a large share of natural religion,-that is to say, wh devout in their pursuit of what is moral, and with a reverend the truths of Nature, but not for man-made creeds. I have many persons of excellent character, with large Veneration bis did not attend church nor respect the opinions of pope, priest, yet in their lives were correct and moral, good citizen parents. Some of them exhibited the possession of the traits of character, and lived up to very exalted standards. mat.ve. and c The uses of Veneration are manifold. It is essential teacher, preacher, foreman, boss, superintendent, govern mander, and civil officer should possess a normal degre elevated trait. Unbalanced and in excess it creates bi fanatics, causes undue respect for kings and conformity to tive governments, traditions, and ancient observances, an a slavish adoration of a Supreme Being. Such people a in reflection, else they would know that God does not enslave his children, but rather wishes them to be freem such by knowledge of His laws, which alone can fr error and vice. Veneration is not, as some imagineople a adoration of a deity or of a plurality of deities. That sion of the true use of this noble faculty, or rather its reason. Veneration should always be moderated by subordinated to it, for without it it degenerates into errors and superstitions. Lecky, in his "History Morals," says:— Reverence is one of those feelings which in utilitarian occupy at best a very ambiguous position, for it is extreme i to be a r mind a ason an argume road as -inferred, nose is ting is on whether the great ends that have grown out of it in the fo its charac superstition and political servitude have not made it a souborg, Ka anklin, Ge This idea shows that it can be turned from its his faculty) and work injury to whole nations. Still, no chang upon law noble or beautiful with fair share of Veneration of the n great judici nose, as we eedingly depressed eral bread s not a dominant ists, natural ronomers. P and the br gn for a stro Most of the ་ VENERATION. 559 an races are, if possible, more superstitious than the Negro. ses are depressed at the centre, and in them the muscular dinates, hence they are more emotional that reflective. geable than stable, and show the predominance of all scular traits. Veneration is small in many of the or dominated by the faculty of Cregenciveness. great believers," great in "faith." in the marvelous Their large, wide-open eyes show that they have tem in the ascendency, and also ow that they Been listening to the recital of wonderful and im Ses and legends. Their religions are based oz dormas. Ables as unreal and improbable as the -Arabian ainments.” es, as well as most of our ideas of fairies, witches, It is from the Fast and Orientalists demons, have come; and their poems, stories, and fed with descriptions of gorgon games, sprites. Cor here, as elsewhere in Nature, shows power. ind many Oriental races cruel and revengeful, as es, amative, imaginative, and licentious, the deep yes, and complexion intensifying all the pas3ht to be a religious faculty, wie oped people and races an excess of Credencive anced mind and absence of practs T. where reason and morality hold & aliore. ical argument is one attribet it is only culty. True is broad as well as high at a large denborg, Kant, Calvi the sign f Most гра 561 et this nature, rst built ntegrity, ation; deid achieve ental courer, captain, ir ability to reform, and ad severity in uperintendent with no ability sitions. When a, feebleness of Executiveness is eneration. It is and development xecutive noses are strils, large mouth, ply of hair, luxuriant rge hands and feet; small nose depressed at nd small mouth, small gestion, and small lungs. e physiological base of and muscular systems. y ridge of the nose is one ominent is evidence of its Orms of the most executive reveals the fact that in them nd muscle as to facilitate the her evidence is afforded by strils. These two signs show angs, stomach, and heart gives 'perations. Most particularly is All animals that burrow, build, and construct have relatively more muscle than bone. The movements of these creatures are graceful, and their forms rounded; the paws are soft, flexible, round, and rapid in movement,-quite different from the bony limbs and feet of the dog and horse. The latter are more moral and intelligent than any muscular animal, for the bony system is a higher and more substantial system than the muscular. Mechanics and scientists, in whom the bone and brain systems are supreme, are more moral than artists, as a class. Where muscles predominate we find the emotions, particularly the amative propensity, excessive, and this does not tend to the same degree of moral control that is exhibited by the dominance of the bony system. I have shown that the round form is the artistic build; it is therefore the most suitable formation for artistic effort; it also denotes generative capacity, and love, ardor, enthusiasm, imagination, credenciveness, imitation, and constructiveness, which in combination, and in excess, are opposed to that coolness and self-control which the highest morality requires. One of the most interesting as well as the most difficult studies of physiognomy is found in the endeavor to analyze the combinations of systems of functions observed in each individual, and especially in gifted persons, for here we find the best field for discovery, analysis, and verification. The physiognomy of a perfected character offers more to the mind, and presents such arrangement and development of facial features as to delight the physiognomist. When I meet with a countenance which reveals to me the character of a highly-gifted person, whether in art, science, or domestic traits, I think I experience all the gratification which an artist would feel were he suddenly to come upon one of the works of the old masters in some unexpected nook or garret. An expressive face speaks to the beholder in most unmistakable language. After one has acquired a knowledge of scientific physiognomy he can never mistake a knave for an honest man, nor a common-faced person for a genius. Neither will talent and goodness pass him unnoticed. And the face which in his days of physiognomic ignorance he might have considered as plain or homely may, under the full blaze of physiognomical law, reveal traits of beauty and power. Art-standards cannot be relied upon to express scientific truths. The faces of many of the most highly gifted persons do not exhibit the sort of expressions that art would term "beautiful." Only the height of science and an application of her laws can unfold to us the true, inner, and hidden meaning of every thing in Nature. Form and function, and function and faculty, are synonymous and convertible terms. Given a certain |