pursuit of material things, while the former are more aspiring and lead in moral reform, sympathy, benevolence, etc. There is a great resemblance between the beasts of prey, such as the tiger and panther, and the forms of many of the great financiers,―Jim Fiske, of Erie Railroad notoriety, for example. He was short and round, with wide jaws, large mouth; broad, low forehead; heavy, drooping upper eyelid; broad through the head above the ears, and had the expression of a bull-dog. The Rothschilds, the celebrated Hebrew bankers of Europe, are rather short and broad, with capacious abdomens and wide heads; low, full foreheads; large and bright eyes, and short, muscular limbs and hands. This build always indicates predaceous energy. All successful merchants have a large share of muscle, and the chief characteristic of muscle in both man and animal is to grasp and hold on. This grasping propensity shows in the human family by love of trade in which one profits by the industry of another without himself producing any thing, preying alike upon the necessities of producer and consumer, and this is the basis of the present commercial system. It is precisely what the bird of prey does when he swoops down upon the toiling king-fisher and takes from him by force the fish he has wrested from the waves by the exercise of his strength and talents. The present commercial system is animal-like and based on dishonesty, oppression, and robbery. It is to be hoped that the "enlightened self-interest" of the people coupled with high ideas of justice will sweep away this system of injustice, and regulate the exchange of products in such manner as will insure the right reward to the producer and a just price for the consumer. The present revolt of the laboring classes tends in this direction, and doubtless a radical change will blot this and kindred evils out of existence. Acquisitiveness is a most useful faculty when not excessive or perverted. The Oriental races-the Hindoo, the Arab, the Turk, the Hebrew, and Mongolian-possess a large share of Acquisitiveness, and in them the muscular system is in the ascendency, as it is in all the beasts and birds of prey. They are fond of trading and gaming, speculating, and lotteries. Many of them possess most avaricious dispositions, and prefer to gain at the expense of others' toil. Many eminent men exhibit the signs for Acquisitiveness. George Washington's eye and nose are both evidences of the presence of this trait, but in him it was balanced by Reason, Conscience, and Benevolence; hence it was exhibited in his character by a wise and prudent administration of property and resources. Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard's Maxims" relating to economy are known the world over, and in his case Acquisitiveness was balanced by other high traits,-Reason and Benevolence. Many of the most eminent artists, poets, painters, singers, and writers have been noted for large Acquisitiveness,-not only for a desire to acquire fame and popularity, but for a desire to earn and retain money and property. The celebrated French actress, Mdlle. Rachel, in her last illness, it is said, would entertain herself for hours by tossing up oranges and gold pieces for toys, so great was her pleasure in handling gold. Others of the poetic brotherhood have shown themselves quite impractical in money matters; yet, as a rule, all of the artistic classes possess a large degree of Acquisitiveness. Whether they make good use of their gains or invest them judiciously depends upon other traits in combination. Jenny Lind and Patti have amassed fortunes and invested them with prudence, while many eminent poets have used their means, either inherited or earned, with care and forethought,-Tennyson, for example, and the sign for Acquisitiveness is quite large in his nose. Where Approbativeness is large in combination, fame, reputation, and adulation will be most desired. Those with small Caution, large Acquisitiveness, and small Conscientiousness will pursue dishonest plans and exhibit a love of gaming, betting, and lotteries; with large Friendship, Acquisition, Benevolence, and small Cautiousness they will do a great deal for friends and often go beyond their depths, and by signing notes for friends become bankrupt and impoverished; with a large mental system and Ideality they will accumulate books, objects of art, etc; with large Veneration added they will collect old coins, ancient books, and antiquities of all sorts; with large domestic traits and small social faculties they will do and expend more for the family and very little for society, and with large Secretiveness and Caution in combination they will manifest great prudence, care, and foresight in business. Acquisitiveness is the distinguishing trait of development. Children and undeveloped races seldom lay up anything for future use. Many animals are more prudent and thoughtful for the future than many men among the civilized races, for the squirrel, bee, beaver, rat, and dog lay by supplies for the sustentation of themselves and their offspring, thus teaching us that we are not entirely superior to the lowly beasts and insects, and that we share with them the development of all mental traits, differing in degree but not in kind. The more comparisons we institute among all departments of animate nature, the more evidence we shall accumulate of the fact that one mind, one life, and one spirit animate the entire circle of what we understand as existence. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. Definition. The faculty which gives the artist, mechanic, and inventor the capacity for building, modeling, drawing, running machinery, and also bestows originality, skill, deftness, knack, and versatility, and gives flexibility to the muscular system. Large Constructiveness gives a sense of weight and an innate perception of the laws and operation of natural mechanical forces; Born in Sweden, 1803. Principal facial sign, Constructiveness, shown by fullness of the sides of the nose, general form and size of the nose, size and shape of the forehead, and rounding out of the sides of the forehead. The law of the straight line, curve, and cube governs this countenance. The vegetative system is here well represented. Conscientiousness, Firmness, Love of Home, Patriotism, Friendship, Economy, Love of Young, Sanativeness, and Benevolence are all well defined. Amativeness is normal, while Self-esteem is most uncommonly large, showing the thorough independence and dignity of the man. The nose is broad in the back the entire length, and short relative t the length of the face, thus showing the dominance of muscular structure. The signs for Sublimity, Acquisitiveness, Constructiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are exceedingly well developed. The signs for Form, Size, Observation, Weight, Locality, and Calculation are very large, and show the mechanical capacities of this mind. In the upper third of the face the signs for Order, Time, Reason, and Intuition are immense. The quality is of the highest order. assists the musician, sculp tor, painter, athlete, chessplayer, actor, novelist, and scientist. An excess, when not balanced by reason and the practical faculties, leads to chimerical and impractical inventions,-"motors" that never move, and to useless and foolish mechanical contrivances. A deficiency is shown by singular awkwardness in the handling of tools and in all constructive work. With Constructiveness small, the character lacks originality and spontaneity, and shows very little ability to write well, draw, model, form, outline, operate machinery, or to learn readily the mechanism of the keyboard of the piano, or other musical instrument, or any mechanical principles; its absence makes one very unskillful in playing ball, in marksmanship, or in athletics. Facial and Bodily Signs.-The sign for Constructiveness in the nose is shown by fullness of that feature just above Acquisitiveness, causing it to be well rounded out at the sides or alæ, just below the "bridge." Noses having an indentation at this part betoken a lack of artistic mechanism. Many other signs there are for this faculty; as it is a muscular trait, signs of its presence will be found all over the body,-in the head and limbs, in the walk, voice, and gesture. Its basis being the muscular system, the rounded and curved individual is its best representative. Constructiveness may be known by a rounding out of the temples, erroneously described by phrenology as an "organ" at this point, but really caused by round bones and round muscles,-the combination that gives the highest capacity for construction. Other and secondary signs are seen in the large, full eyes; arched eyebrows, round ears, oval face, round head; tapering, flexible fingers; small, rounded wrists and joints, with the bones relatively small and well covered by muscle; easy, graceful walk; beautiful, curved gestures; mellow, sonorous voice and playful disposition; short and thick feet, and arched instep. DESCRIPTION OF CONSTRUCTIVENESS.-The faculty for artistic construction is of the highest order only where the muscular system predominates over the bony system, together with a brain system of fine quality. Mechanical skill is of the highest order only where the bony system is in the ascendency. For the FIG. 80.-JOHN BUNYAN. (TINKER, PREACHER, Principal facial sign, Constructiveness, shown by fullness of the sides of the nose, form of the nose, and rounding out of the sides of the forehead. The law of the straight line and curve governs this face. This subject worked at a mechanical trade in early life, yet could neither read nor write until he arrived at manhood. This nose shows more literary than mechanical constructiveness. The domestic sentiments are well represented. Love of the beautiful in the opposite sex is shown by the dimpled chin, while Firmness, Conscientiousness, Patriotism, Benevolence, Amativeness, Love of Young, Mirthfulness, Modesty, Approbativeness, Friendship, and Color are most apparent. In the nose the signs for Mental Imitation, Human Nature, Hope, Analysis, Constructiveness, Acquisitiveness, Veneration, Executiveness, and Self-will are conspicuous. Form, Size, Prescience, Credenciveness, Calculation, Order, Locality, Memory of Events, and Intuition are large. The extraordinary face of an extraordinary man. nance of the muscular system in conjunction with a suitable brain and nervous system. The great masters of art, the most eminent actors, poets, orators, and writers, must possess, of course, more highly-specialized brains than the lower classes of muscular people. The mere athletes, dancers, singers, musicians, oarsmen, riflemen, and other professional sportsmen do not require so well-developed a brain nor so sensitive a nervous system as the higher classes of artists, although many of them are men of intelligence. Many singers and instrumental musicians have a fine and sensitive nervous system, yet, as a rule, not very high intellectual gifts, their work requiring mainly only the use of powers drawn from the muscular system. But to whichever class these several varieties of artists belong, the nose will be rounded at Constructiveness; the sides of the head will round out, the fingers will be tapering and flexible, and the entire organism constructed on the plan that best favors gracefulness, case of motion, imitation, imagination, enthusi asm, sociality, sportiveness, and vocal capacity, and which, in short, is adapted to the production of curved motions. Upon due examination and analysis, we shall find that the foundation of every art is the curve, whether it be painting, musical instrumentation, singing, constructing the musical cadence of poetry, or the use of the voice in oratory, elocution, or singing (for vocal sounds cause curved waves of the atmosphere to impinge upon the ear, which is also constructed upon the circular plan, both without and within); or the curved motion of gestures, or the graceful poses and attitudes of the actor and orator. Whatever the nature of the art, the ability to produce curves must come from the flexibility of the muscular system, for they cannot be produced by any other system. The finest intellect in the world, if destitute of a suitable muscular development, could not sing an air, play a sonata, paint a picture, deliver an oration, nor delineate a play properly. The brain of the person whose muscles dominate the bones, it is logical to infer, is composed of different proportions of brain-elements from those of the brain of one whose osseous system is in the ascendency; for, inasmuch as his entire structure-his bones as well as his musclesis more flexible, it follows that there must be more animal ingredients than mineral in his entire organism. Every portion of his frame proves this; even the hair of the muscular individual is softer, more flexible, and more easily curled than that of a bony person. Curly or wavy hair is rarely or never seen on the head of an osseous individual, his hair being, as a rule, very straight and difficult to wave or curl, while the hair and beards of muscular people incline to curl and wave, and are singularly lustrous, proving the presence of animal, oily secretion, while the hair of the osseous subject is dryer and not so glossy. The finger-nails, too, of the constructive individual are thinner and more pliable, while everything connected with this class of persons points to the greater development of gelatinous material rather than of the mineral. The analysis of muscle shows a large proportion of gelatin,-animal substance, while a chemical analysis of bone discloses a large proportion of the phosphates of lime,-a mineral matter which gives to the bones as well as to the tissues their solidity and consistency. |